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. 2021 Jun 8;12:3461. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23739-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Mean geothermal flux from^25–27. The shaded areas outline where bed conditions are likely frozen (black) or uncertain (grey) based on radar observations and numerical ice-flow models²⁸. b Surface velocities from multi-year MEaSURES dataset¹⁵. c Heat generated by surface melt-water infiltration. d Basal melting from geothermal heating. Blue contours outline the 0 m per year extent. e Basal melting from frictional heating. Purple outlines show the glacial catchments of Sermeq Kujalleq, Kangerlussuaq and Helheim Glacier⁵⁵. Blue contours outline the 10⁻² m per year extent. f Basal melting from surface water heating. Dashed grey contours outline the 2000 m above sea level elevation. d–f have the same logarithmic scalebar.