Figure 3.

Effect of P. harmala on AlCl₃-induced: (a) % SAP and (b) total arm entries in Y-maze test and (c) learning and (d) memory deficits in MWM paradigm. Values represent mean ± SD (n = 13). Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA for %SAP and total arm entries in Y-maze and percent quadrant time in the probe MWM test, while two-way ANOVA was used for the escape latency in the training session of MWM test followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons test. Significantly different from (*) CONT and (@) AlCl₃ groups at p < 0.05. AlCl₃aluminum chloride, CONT control, MWM Morris Water Maze, Ph Peganum harmala, %SAP spontaneous alternation percentage.