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. 2021 Jun 8;12:3465. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23818-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, c Simulated in-plane (E_x) and out-of-plane (E_z) optical field distribution with respect to the spatial phase variation (Δφ, see Methods for details). b, d In-plane (∣E_x∣²) and out-of-plane (∣E_z∣²) optical field intensity profiles at the horizontal plane 1 nm underneath the tip derived from (a, c). e, f Comparison of E_x and E_z optical field distribution for optimal (left) and conventional (right) excitation polarization conditions by wave-vector variation (Δθ, see “Methods” for details). g Optical intensity profiles at the horizontal plane 1 nm underneath the tip derived from (e, f), exhibiting significantly reduced excitation rate in the conventional experimental condition.