Fig. 5. Theoretical model for estimating the angle of attack.

a Angle of attack from experimental measurements as compared with theoretical values with fixed (dashed line) and varying (solid line) flagellar wave amplitude, $\delta$, as a function of droplet radius. Schematic representation of the reference system and modeled sperm shown by the inset. b Experimentally measured flagellar wave amplitudes as a function of droplet radius. Values are reported as mean ± s.d. (n = 45 cells examined over 4 independent experiments). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.