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. 2021 Jun 8;12:3446. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23773-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Overlaid trajectories of two representative sperm (head shown in red and blue) in microchannels that mimics the relevant range of curvatures in infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus, with sperm exhibiting (a) head-on swimming behavior in the attacking mode, (b) a combination of head-on swimming and boundary following behavior in the transition mode, and (c) boundary-following behaviors in the progressive mode, respectively. Each experiment was repeated four times independently with similar results for (a–c). Images were contrast-adjusted for clarity. Scale bars, 100 µm.