TABLE 2.
Descriptions of the risk estimates of 34 primary comparisons included in umbrella meta-analysis.
| Publication | Outcomes | No. of studies | Fixed result | Random result | Largest study result* | Fixed p value | Random p value | 95% PI | Evidence grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Budhathoki et al. (2020) (Nepal) | Mortality | 14 | RR: 2.34 (2.03–2.70) | RR: 2.01 (1.12–3.63) | RR: 5.95 (4.26–8.31) | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.19–20.86 | Weak |
| Discharge rate | 9 | RR: 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | RR: 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | RR: 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0.43–1.46 | Weak | |
| Hospitalization | 4 | RR: 1.48 (0.91–2.40) | RR: 1.29 (0.27–6.16) | RR: 9.68 (0.60–155.02) | 0.11 | 0.75 | 0–997.35 | Not confirmed | |
| Clinical improvement | 9 | OR: 0.81 (0.77–0.85) | OR: 0.81 (0.71–0.91) | OR: 0.50 (0.36–0.71) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.56–1.15 | Suggestive | |
| MV | 6 | OR: 1.43 (1.10–1.87) | OR: 1.36 (0.56–3.31) | OR: 23.77 (8.31–68.03) | <0.01 | 0.5 | 0.07–27.98 | Not confirmed | |
| Hospital stay | 4 | WMD: 3.98 (3.20–4.77) | WMD: 4.19 (2.57–5.81) | MD: 3.98 (2.92–5.04) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | -13.65 | Suggestive | |
| Negative conversion | 4 | WMD: 2.42 (1.31–3.53) | WMD: 2.45 (1.11–3.79) | MD: 2.50 (1.14–3.86) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | -7.65 | Weak | |
| Cano et al. (2020) (America) | Mortality | 27 | OR: 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | OR: 1.79 (1.30–2.46) | OR: 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.44–7.35 | Highly suggestive |
| Cheng et al. (2020) (China) | Clinical improvement | 1 | RR: 1.30 (0.92–1.72) | RR: 1.30 (0.92–1.72) | RR: 1.30 (0.92–1.72) | 0.05 | 0.05 | — | Not confirmed |
| Mortality | 6 | RR: 2.26 (1.89–2.70) | RR: 1.30 (0.49–3.44) | RR: 5.95 (4.26–8.31) | <0.01 | 0.6 | 0.04–41.64 | Not confirmed | |
| VCT | 5 | WMD: 2.10 (1.39–2.80) | WMD: 1.91 (-0.88–4.70) | WMD: 0.50 (-3.55–4.55) | <0.01 | 0.18 | -20.6 | Not confirmed | |
| MV | 1 | RR: 0.35 (0.10–1.18) | RR: 0.35 (0.10–1.18) | RR: 0.35 (0.10–1.18) | — | — | — | Not confirmed | |
| Hospital stay | 3 | WMD: -4.08 (-4.82--3.35) | WMD: -2.69 (-9.82--3.92) | WMD: -3.00 (-3.34--2.66) | <0.01 | 0.43 | -170.23 | Not confirmed | |
| ICU stay | 1 | WMD: -6.50 (-7.63--5.37) | WMD: -6.50 (-7.63--5.37) | WMD: -6.50 (-7.63--5.37) | — | — | — | Weak | |
| Lu et al. (2020) (China) | Mortality | 4 | RR: 2.03 (1.55–2.67) | RR: 2.00 (0.69–5.75) | RR: 6.03 (2.91–12.52) | <0.01 | 0.2 | 0.02–229.17 | Not confirmed |
| Duration of fever | 1 | WMD: -3.23 (-3.56–-2.90) | WMD: -3.23 (-3.56–-2.90) | WMD: -3.23 (-3.56–-2.90) | — | — | — | Weak | |
| Lung inflammation absorption | 1 | WMD: -1.00 (-2.91–-0.91) | WMD: -1.00 (-2.91–-0.91) | WMD: -1.00 (-2.91–-0.91) | — | — | — | Not confirmed | |
| Hospital stay | 2 | WMD: 2.43 (1.42–3.43) | WMD: 2.43 (1.42–3.43) | WMD: 2.00 (0.67–3.33) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | — | Weak | |
| Pasin et al. (2020) (multiple nations) | Mortality | 5 | RR: 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | RR: 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | RR: 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.78–1.01 | Weak |
| MV | 3 | RR: 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | RR: 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | RR: 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.48–1.83 | Not confirmed | |
| Pei et al. (2020) (China) | Mortality | 5 | OR: 2.63 (1.93–3.59) | OR: 2.43 (1.44–4.10) | OR: 2.58 (1.33–4.98) | <0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.44–13.37 | Weak |
| Sarkar et al. (2020) (India) | Mortality | 12 | OR: 1.37 (1.29–1.47) | OR: 1.72 (1.09–2.72) | OR: 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.32–9.28 | Weak |
| Hospital stay | 6 | WMD: 2.01 (1.43–2.58) | WMD: 1.20 (-1.25–3.66) | MD: 4.00 (2.94–5.06) | <0.01 | 0.34 | -16.91 | Not confirmed | |
| VCT | 2 | WMD: 1.42 (-0.52–3.37) | WMD: 1.42 (-0.52–3.37) | MD: 2.40 (-1.13–5.93) | 0.15 | 0.15 | — | Not confirmed | |
| Siemieniuk et al. (2020) (multiple nations) | Mortality | 1 | OR: 0.89 (0.64–1.40) | OR: 0.89 (0.64–1.40) | OR: 0.89 (0.64–1.40) | — | — | — | Not confirmed |
| MV | 1 | OR: 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | OR: 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | OR: 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | — | — | — | Weak | |
| Hospital stay | 1 | MD: -0.99 (-1.36–-0.64) | MD: -0.99 (-1.36–-0.64) | MD: -0.99 (-1.36–-0.64) | — | — | — | Weak | |
| Sterne et al. (2020) (multiple nations) | Mortality | 7 | OR: 0.78 (0.68–0.89) | OR: 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | OR: 0.64 (0.50–0.82) | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.53–1.24 | Weak |
| AEs | 6 | OR: 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | OR: 0.78 (0.47–1.30) | OR: 0.44 (0.17–1.11) | 0.08 | 0.34 | 0.18–3.34 | Not confirmed | |
| Tlayjeh et al. (2020) (Arabia) † | Mortality | 10 | HR: 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | HR: 0.91 (0.71–1.16) | HR: 0.70 (0.56–0.86) | <0.01 | 0.44 | 0.40–2.04 | Not confirmed |
| MV | 3 | HR: 0.81 (0.69–0.96) | HR: 0.73 (0.50–1.09) | ES: 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.01–60.99 | Not confirmed | |
| van Paassen et al. (2020) (Netherlands) † | Mortality | 22 | HR: 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | HR: 0.92 (0.75–1.13) | OR: 0.83 (0.74–0.92) | <0.01 | 0.43 | 0.44–1.94 | Not confirmed |
| MV | 7 | HR: 0.70 (0.55–0.89) | HR: 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | RR: 0.61 (0.38–0.98) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.44–1.11 | Weak | |
| Ye et al. (2020) (multiple nations) | Mortality | 2 | HR: 2.30 (1.00–5.29) | HR: 2.30 (1.00–5.29) | HR: 2.12 (0.78–5.76) | <0.01 | <0.01 | — | Weak |
Abbreviations: AEs, adverse events; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; ES, estimate size/effect size; HR, hazard ratio; ICU, intensive care unit; MD, mean difference; MV, mechanical ventilation; NA, not available; OR, odds ratio; 95% PI, 95% prediction interval; RR, relative risk; VCT, virus clearance time; WMD, weighted mean difference.
*
Estimate size/effect size and 95% confidence interval of the largest study (most with the smallest SE) in each included meta-analysis.
†
Given some number of patients in distinct groups were unknown in the study of Tlayjeh et al. and van et al., the pooled results were calculated through the hazard ratio.