Table 1.

Droplet vitrification‐based cryopreservation methods

Droplet size	CPA used	Vitrification throughput	Cooling rate [°C min−1]	Warming methods	Warming rate [°C min−1]	Viability	Reference
40 pL	CPA free	4.8 µL min−1	2.2 × 106	convective	9 × 106	87%	Akiyama et al., 2019[ 35 ]
180 pL	1.5 m PG + 0.5 m trehalose	9 µL min−1	N/A	convective	N/A	90%	Demirci et al., 2007[ 34 ]
65 nL	1 m EG + 1.5 m PG + 1 m trehalose	10 µL min−1	N/A	convective + MIH	N/A	84%	Cao et al., 2019[ 25 ]
1 µL	1.4 m DMSO	N/A	1.1 × 103	convective	6.9 × 103	71%	Shi et al., 2015[ 36 ]
≈14–65 µL	8.5 m DMSO	4 mL min−1	9.6 × 102	convective	N/A	79%	de Vries et al., 2018[ 20 ]
1 µL	2 m PG + 1 m trehalose	0.6 mL min−1	1.75 × 104 a)	laser warming	≈7.6 × 105–4.4 × 106	95%	This work
4 µL		2.4 mL min−1	9 × 103 a)		≈3.5 × 105–4.4 × 106	92%

^a)Measured cooling rate at the top of the droplet (i.e., slowest cooling rate within the droplet, details in Figure 3)