Table 1.
Recent NP formulations developed in preclinical studies for the treatment of AD. PLGA: poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)
| Nanocarrier type | Drug | Targeting ligand | Size [nm] | Delivery route | Model | Remarks | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) | DBP | None | 226.6 ± 44.4 | i.v. | 5× transgenic mice |
Reduced accumulation of Aβ in the brain Reduced the presence of Iba‐1 NPs restored cognitive function |
[ 157 ] |
| Liposomes with cardiolipin | Curcumin/Nerve growth factor (NGF) | Lipid‐conjugated wheat germ agglutinin | 135.2 ± 6.8 | i.v. | AD rats | Reduced brain Aβ plaques | [ 158 ] |
| PLGA | Curcumin | Selenium | 160 ± 5 | i.v. | 5XFAD | Penetrating into the brain | [ 159 ] |
| PLA‐polyethylene glycol (PEG) | Curcumin | None | <80 | Oral | Tg2576 | Improved cue memory in the contextual fear‐conditioning test | [ 160 ] |
| PLGA | Aβ generation inhibitor peptide (PQVGHL) | CRTIGPSVC (targets TfR) | 139.8 | i.v. | Transgenic AD mice | Reducing cognitive impairments, cytokine production, brain ROS, and Aβ levels | [ 161 ] |
| PLGA | Aβ generation inhibitor peptide (PQVGHL) | None | 128.6 | i.v. | Transgenic AD mice | Presence of NPs in the brain and reducing cognitive impairments, cytokine production, brain ROS and Aβ levels | [ 161 ] |
| Multiwalled carbon nanotubes | Berberine and phospholipid | Tween 20 | 125–295 | i.v. | AD rats | Improved behavioral outcomes | [ 162 ] |
| Dendrigraft poly‐l‐lysines (third generation) | d‐peptide +RNA (BACE1) | RVG | 97 | i.v. | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | Reducing the formation of Aβ plaques and improving the Morris water maze results | [ 24 ] |
| Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNP) | Galantamine hydrobromide | None | <100 | Oral | AD rats | Improving the Morris water maze results | [ 163 ] |
| Amphiphilic compound of phenylboronic groups | Curcumin | KLVFFAED (targeting RAGE) | 65 | i.v. | APP/PS1 mice | Significantly improved memory behavior | [ 164 ] |
| Selenium | None | CGHKAKGPRK | 95 | – | – | Reduced Aβ fibrillization inside human brain ECs and PC12 cells | [ 165 , 166 ] |
| PEG‐PDMAEMA(poly[(2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate]) | siRNA (BACE1) | CGN (d‐CGNHPHLAKYNGT) + QSH (Aβ targeting ligand) | 70 | i.v. | APP/PS1 mice | Downregulating BACE1 at both mRNA and protein levels | [ 167 ] |
| PEG‐gold | Anthocyanins | None | 135 ± 5 | i.v. | AD mice | Reduced Aβ 1–42 induced memory deficits, the levels of Aβ, BACE‐1, and APP | [ 168 ] |
| Liposomes | Plasmid DNA | Dual targeting 1) Transferrin protein+ 2) penetratin (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) | 150.4 ± 3.75 | i.v. | C57BL/6J mice | 12% of the administered dose were found per gram of brain tissue | [ 169 ] |
| Liposomes | Plasmid DNA | None | NA | i.v. | C57BL/6J mice | 8% of the administered dose were found per gram of brain tissue | [ 169 ] |
| Liposomes | Rivastigmine | Sodium taurocholate | 340 ± 10 | i.p. a) | Balb‐C type mice | Decreased acetylcholinesterase activity | [ 170 ] |
| Liposomes | Phosphatidic acid/cardiolipin | None | 102 ± 2 | i.p. | APP/PS1 | Reduced the levels of Aβ both in serum and the brain | [ 171 , 172 ] |
| Chitosan | Piperine | None | 248.50 ± 23.50 | Nasal | AD mice | Improved cognitive function | [ 173 ] |
a)
Intraperitoneally.