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. 2021 Mar 8;8(11):2004068. doi: 10.1002/advs.202004068

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Response of neutral (A, POPC) and charged (B–D, POPC:POPG 1:1) GUVs exposed to a DC pulse (3 kV cm−1, 150 µs). (A) Macropores reseal fully, (B,C) vesicles burst and collapse into tubular network, and (D) resealing of macropores leaves a leaky vesicle, which loses optical contrast (imparted by sugar asymmetry) over time. The time relative to the beginning of the pulse is shown on each snapshot. The field direction is indicated in (B). The images were obtained with phase contrast (A, B, D) or epifluorescence microscopy (C), in which case the membrane contains 0.1 mol% DPPE‐Rh. In (A) and (C), the external media contains 0.1 × 10−3 m NaCl, resulting in oblate deformation of the GUVs upon applying the pulse, whereas in (B) and (D), no salt is present and the vesicles deform into prolate shapes. Oblate or prolate deformations have their axis of symmetry along the direction of the electric field E and depend on the presence of salt in the solution.[ 22 ] Scale bars: 10 µm. The sketches on the right illustrate the macropore (A) and the GUV seconds (A,D) or tens of milliseconds (B) after applying the pulse. A confocal image of tubular lipid structures as remnants from the bursting GUV in (C) is also shown on the right.