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. 2021 May 25;9(5):e22881. doi: 10.2196/22881

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups.

Variable Total (N=269) Control group (n=136) Intervention group (n=133) Wilcoxon rank sum or χ2 test P value
Age (years), mean (SD) 31.07 (4.34) 30.93 (4.48) 31.23 (4.21) 0.95a .34
Age (years), n (%)


0.04b .84

≤35 213 (79.1) 107 (78.7) 106 (79.7)


>35 56 (20.8) 29 (21.3) 27 (20.3)

BMI, mean (SD) 24.04 (11.43) 25.07 (15.62) 22.99 (3.64) –0.95a .34
BMI (kg/m2) , n (%)


2.85b .41

10-18.5 24 (8.9) 12 (8.8) 12 (9.0)


18.5-24 137 (50.9) 69 (50.7) 68 (51.1)


24-28 71 (26.4) 32 (23.5) 39 (29.3)


≥28 37 (13.8) 23 (16.9) 14 (10.5)

Gravidity, n (%)


0.04b .84

Primigravida 123 (45.7) 63 (46.3) 60 (45.1)


Multigravida 146 (54.3) 73 (53.7) 73 (54.9)

Parity, n (%)


0.42b .52

Primipara 161 (59.9) 84 (61.8) 77 (57.9)


Multipara 108 (40.1) 52 (38.2) 56 (42.1)

Newborn sex, n (%)


0.45b .50

Boy 134 (49.8) 65 (47.8) 69 (51.9)


Girl 135 (50.2) 71 (52.2) 64 (48.1)

Nationality, n (%)


1.76b .19

Ethnic Han 259 (96.3) 133 (97.8) 126 (94.7)


Other 10 (3.7) 3 (2.2) 7 (5.3)

Family history of diabetes mellitus, n (%)


1.30b .25

Yes 12 (4.5) 8 (5.9) 4 (3.0)


No 257 (95.5) 128 (94.1) 129 (97.0)

OGTTcvalues (mmol/L), mean (SD)





Fasting 4.98 (0.78) 5.04 (0.75) 4.93 (0.81) –1.56a .12

1 hour 10.20 (1.84) 10.03 (1.88) 10.37 (1.79) 0.87a .39

2 hour 8.89 (1.69) 8.83 (1.63) 8.96 (1.75) –0.03a .97
Gestational weeks at enrollment, mean (SD) 26.37 (1.74) 26.27 (1.72) 26.48 (1.77) 1.14a .26
Patient groups according to gestational weeks at enrollment, n (%)


1.71b .63

Group 1 66 (24.5) 34 (25.0) 32 (24.1)


Group 2 113 (42.0) 61 (44.9) 52 (39.1)


Group 3 66 (24.5) 29 (21.3) 37 (27.8)


Group 4 24 (8.9) 12 (8.8) 12 (9.0)

aWilcoxon rank sum test.

bChi-square test.

cOGTT: oral glucose tolerance test.