The performance of typical carbonaceous anodes in potassium ion batteries.
| Electrode material | ICE | Capacity | Current density | Cut voltage | Retention | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfur-grafted hollow carbon spheres | ∼53% | 202 mA h g−1 | 1.5 A g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | ∼67%/1000 cycles | 1 |
| Activated hollow carbon nanosphere | 44.2% | 370.2 mA h g−1 | 200 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | ∼80.4%/5000 cycles | 22 |
| HG-CNFs | 57% | 260 mA h g−1 | 0.1C | 0.01–3.0 V | 96.7%/400 cycles | 43 |
| P, O-doped graphene | 22.6% | 474 mA h g−1 | 50 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | ∼66.7%/50 cycles | 6 |
| Carbon@graphene microsphere | — | 290 mA h g−1 | 100 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | 99.4%/3200 cycles | 39 |
| N–carbon nanosheet | ∼25% | 206 mA h g−1 | 1000 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | ∼74%/100 cycles | 92 |
| AHF@COF1000 | 44.6% | 186 mA h g−1 | 1000 mA g−1 | 0–3.0 V | 86.7%/300 cycles | 76 |
| Wrinkled carbon tube | 47.3% | 365 mA h g−1 | 100 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | ∼90%/150 cycles | 19 |
| 3D N-HPC | ∼60% | 292 mA h g−1 | 100 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | 67%/400 cycles | 21 |
| Hierarchically NPC | 43.1% | 384.2 mA h g−1 | 100 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | 89.2%/500 cycles | 42 |
| O, S-doped hard carbon | 46.4% | 409 mA h g−1 | 100 mA g−1 | 0.01–2.0 V | ∼80%/500 cycles | 131 |
| 3D-NTC750 | 61% | 606 mA h g−1 | 50 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | 93%/500 cycles | 111 |
| Nitrogen-doped carbon microsphere | 73% | 328 mA h g−1 | 100 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | 78%/1900 cycles | 134 |
| Hard–soft composite carbon | 76% | 260 mA h g−1 | 28 mA g−1 | 0.01–2.0 V | 89%/440 cycles | 136 |
| Loofah-derived carbon | ∼40% | 150 mA h g−1 | 100 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | 50%/400 cycles | 137 |
| Oxygen-rich carbon microsphere | 27.6% | 279 mA h g−1 | 28 mA g−1 | 0.01–2.0 V | ∼61%/900 cycles | 100 |
| Milled graphite | 61% | 210 mA h g−1 | 25 mA g−1 | 0.01–1.5 V | 65%/100 cycles | 23 |
| Commercial expanded graphite | ∼82% | 263 mA h g−1 | 10 mA g−1 | 0.01–3.0 V | ∼105%/200 cycles | 140 |
| Graphite | 87.4% | 90 mA h g−1 | 140 mA g−1 | 0.01–2.0 V | ∼88%/700 cycles | 58 |