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Representative fluorescence microscopy images of HaCaT keratinocytes showing cell nuclei (blue) and active caspase-1 (green)
(A–D) (A) Uninfected cells, (B) cells exposed to valinomycin (positive control), (C) cells infected with HL053PA1, and (D) cells exposed to 2.5 μM of the extracted porphyrins for 48 h. Total magnification 300×; scale bars, 400 μm.
(E) Quantification of active caspase-1 fluorescence. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.001
