Table 2.

Implementation Theories and Frameworks Included in Narrative Review

Theory/Framework	Description	Relevant studies in review
Normalization Process Theory (NPT)	An explanatory model for understanding the social processes through which new technologies or complex interventions are implemented. NPT is based on 4 constructs: coherence, cognitive participation, collection action, and reflexive monitoring.	Ayre et al. (2019); a diabetes self-management app Ross et al. (2018); HeLP-Diabetes
Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)	A planning framework that provides a taxonomy of constructs associated with effective implementation. Constructs are arranged across 5 domains: inner setting, outer setting, intervention, individuals involved, and process. The CFIR is often used to assess potential barriers and facilitation to implementation.	Rogers et al. (2019); Mobile Insulin Titration Intervention (MITI)
Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance (RE-AIM) Framework	A planning and evaluation framework that provides specific and standard ways of measuring key factors for improving the implementation and sustainability of evidence-based interventions (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance).	Cooper et al. (2019); Adolescent Diabetes Needs Assessment Tool (ADNAT) app Dickinson et al. (2019); Connection to Health (CTH)
Proctor’s Framework for Implementation Research	A planning and evaluation framework that provides a taxonomy for conceptualizing and measuring 8 implementation outcomes (acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, penetration, and sustainability).	Levy et al. (2018); MITI