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. 2021 Mar 29;99(6):skab101. doi: 10.1093/jas/skab101

Table 9.

List of plasma and urine metabolites identified from metabolomics analysis discriminating between male growing pigs that were fed according to A or R regime1

Metabolite Adduct Mode2 RT M to Z ratio VIP Level of ID3 Fold change4 P-value5
D EBV D EBV D × EBV
Plasma
 Tyrosine6 [M − H]− Neg 1.16 180.067 5.32 1 −1.19 1.01 0.001 0.43 0.24
 Lactic acid [M − H]− Neg 0.97 89.024 4.08 1 1.03 1.02 0.98 0.43 0.37
 Indoxylsulfuric acid [M − H]− Neg 3.54 212.002 3.71 1 −1.63 1.23 0.12 0.21 0.91
 Tryptophan [M − H]− Neg 2.88 203.083 3.40 1 −1.17 1.04 0.01 0.68 0.77
 Phenylalanine6 [M − H]− Neg 2.11 164.072 1.78 1 −1.16 −1.02 0.002 0.05 0.61
 Leucine [M − H]− Neg 1.27 130.087 1.73 1 −1.18 1.01 0.0001 0.31 0.32
 Ketoisoleucine [M − H]− Neg 3.21 129.056 1.54 1 −1.13 −1.08 0.002 0.53 0.68
 Taurodeoxycholic acid [M − H]− Neg 5.87 498.290 1.22 2 −2.20 1.09 0.004 0.47 0.92
 Ketoleucine [M − H]− Neg 3.54 129.056 1.21 1 −1.03 1.06 0.09 0.54 0.22
 Unidentified [M − H]− Neg 0.71 215.033 0.98 4 −1.05 −1.04 0.11 0.11 0.93
 Azelaic acid [M − H]− Neg 4.90 187.098 0.60 1 1.12 −1.02 0.001 0.43 0.51
 2-Hydroxybutyric acid [M − H]− Neg 1.56 103.040 0.54 1 −1.41 −1.07 0.01 0.76 0.77
 Hydroxyphenyllactic acid6 [M − H]− Neg 2.92 181.051 0.35 1 −1.21 −1.13 0.002 0.16 0.77
 Tyrosine6 [2M + Na]− Neg 1.15 383.122 0.34 1 −1.20 1.03 0.01 0.55 0.31
 Unidentified [M − H]− Neg 1.17 189.041 0.25 4 1.14 −1.11 0.001 0.87 0.37
 Indolelactic acid [M − H]− Neg 4.61 204.067 0.19 2 −1.19 −1.07 0.03 0.88 0.68
 4-Trimethylammonio-butanoic acid [Fragment] Pos 2.57 100.112 5.79 2 1.30 1.01 0.001 0.98 0.06
 Leucine [Fragment] Pos 1.23 86.097 5.10 1 −1.12 −1.00 0.005 0.57 0.54
 LPC 18:2 [M + H]+ Pos 9.21 520.341 3.27 2 1.01 1.03 0.88 0.32 0.74
 Phenylalanine [Fragment] Pos 2.11 120.081 2.68 1 −1.10 −1.05 0.05 0.01 0.49
 Leucine [M + H]+ Pos 1.25 132.102 2.64 1 −1.12 −1.00 0.004 0.53 0.38
 4-Trimethylammonio-butanoic acid [M + H]+ Pos 2.57 146.118 2.59 2 1.31 1.02 0.003 0.94 0.04
 Unidentified [M + H]+ Pos 4.58 239.090 2.53 4 −1.00 −1.00 0.31 0.82 0.14
 Creatine [M + H]+ Pos 0.71 132.077 2.22 1 −1.12 1.09 0.78 0.55 0.86
 LPC 16:0 [M + H]+ Pos 9.64 496.341 2.21 3 −1.10 −1.00 0.42 0.76 0.98
 Tryptophan [Fragment] Pos 2.87 188.071 2.17 1 −1.17 1.01 0.16 0.65 0.67
 Valine6 [M + Na]+ Pos 0.82 72.081 1.98 1 −1.17 −1.01 0.001 0.86 0.62
 Proline [M + H]+ Pos 0.73 116.071 1.54 1 −1.16 1.01 0.05 0.57 0.88
 Tyrosine [M + H]+ Pos 1.14 182.082 1.19 1 −1.14 −1.03 0.03 0.45 0.28
 Creatinine [M + H]+ Pos 0.70 114.066 0.97 1 1.09 −1.11 0.002 0.15 0.58
 Urea6 [M + H]+ Pos 0.71 61.040 0.95 1 −1.21 1.04 0.05 0.47 0.86
 Tyrosine [Fragment] Pos 1.14 165.055 0.95 1 −1.14 −1.03 0.03 0.47 0.29
Urine
 Citric acid6 [M − H]− Neg 0.94 191.020 24.45 1 −1.11 1.04 0.86 0.98 0.73
 p-Cresol glucuronide6 [M − H]− Neg 4.01 283.082 16.86 2 1.06 −1.08 0.38 0.08 0.80
 Phenylacetylglycine6 [M − H]− Neg 3.85 192.066 15.32 1 1.04 −1.08 0.46 0.25 0.62
 Hippuric acid6 [M − H]− Neg 3.51 178.051 13.50 1 1.02 −1.07 0.43 0.43 0.39
 2-Methylbutyrylglycine/valerylglycine6 [M − H]− Neg 3.00 158.082 13.47 2 −1.11 1.17 0.90 0.34 0.15
 Indoxylsulfuric acid [M − H]− Neg 3.46 212.002 11.59 1 1.04 −1.13 0.66 0.37 0.85
 Hydroxyphenyllactic acid1 [M − H]− Neg 2.89 181.051 8.13 1 −1.20 −1.12 0.09 0.03 0.75
 Citric acid6 [Fragment] Neg 0.94 111.009 7.67 1 −1.17 1.02 0.60 0.86 0.79
 p-Cresol sulfate [M − H]− Neg 4.04 187.007 7.10 1 1.04 −1.09 0.79 0.09 0.60
 p-Cresol glucuronide6 [2M − H]− Neg 4.00 567.171 6.72 2 1.10 −1.12 0.46 0.08 0.89
 Taurine [M − H]− Neg 0.68 124.007 4.53 1 −2.36 1.33 0.0002 0.01 0.01
 Sulfated compound [M − H]− Neg 5.61 303.127 4.41 3 −1.35 −1.32 0.02 0.01 0.53
 Acetyl-dl-Leucine6 [M − H]− Neg 3.75 172.098 2.87 1 −1.31 1.01 0.03 0.85 0.98
 Unidentified [M − H]− Neg 5.28 309.134 2.41 4 −1.62 −1.23 0.01 0.09 0.56
 Phenylacetylglycine6 [M + H]+ Pos 3.86 194.081 22.54 1 1.02 −1.11 0.44 0.24 0.49
 Hippuric acid6 [Fragment] Pos 3.50 105.034 13.75 1 1.02 −1.08 0.40 0.41 0.46
 Glucoronidated compound [M + H]+ Pos 4.00 302.124 12.68 3 −1.32 1.08 0.36 0.68 0.22
 Creatinine6 [M + H]+ Pos 0.72 114.066 12.58 1 1.02 −1.17 0.88 0.06 0.69
 Hippuric acid6 [M + H]+ Pos 3.50 180.066 12.28 1 1.02 −1.07 0.38 0.45 0.43
 7-Methylguanine [M + H]+ Pos 0.90 166.072 6.62 2 1.12 −1.22 0.75 0.01 0.42
 Picolinoylglycine [M + H]+ Pos 2.98 181.061 6.09 2 −1.57 −1.33 0.02 0.05 0.86
 2-Methylbutyrylglycine/valerylglycine6 [M + H]+ Pos 3.00 160.097 5.62 2 −1.14 1.20 0.81 0.49 0.17
 Unidentified [M + H]+ Pos 5.95 307.202 5.55 4 −1.42 −1.67 0.02 0.001 0.39
 Creatinine6 [M + K]+ Pos 0.71 152.022 5.44 1 1.15 −1.27 0.08 0.04 0.95
 Oxindole [M + H]+ Pos 3.43 134.060 4.21 2 1.19 −1.17 0.03 0.69 0.49
 Unidentified [M + H]+ Pos 3.17 288.181 3.90 4 −1.34 −1.05 0.01 0.01 0.49

1The table encompasses the 10 metabolites with the highest VIP scores in each sample type and ionization mode and metabolites differing significantly between male growing pigs that were fed according to the A or R regime.

2Pos, positive; Neg, negative.

3Level of identification: identified metabolites (level 1), putatively annotated compounds (level 2), putatively characterized compound classes (level 3), and unknown compounds (level 4).

4Fold change in metabolite intensity: dietary protein supply (D: A [reference] vs. R regime) and EBV (high [reference] vs. low).

5 P-values for the main effects of dietary protein supply (D: A or R regime [R, 70% of A]), EBV, and the interactive effect of dietary protein supply and EBV (D × EBV).

6Metabolites also identified in our previous experiment (Van der Peet-Schwering et al. (2020).