Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| No. | Author | Type of study | Sample (n) | Region | Ethnicity | Age (years) | Gender or male (%) | Comorbidities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kosugi et al 7 | Case-control | 145 | Brazil | Not specified | Median: 36 (IQR 30-44) | Male 46.3% | 5.1% Asthma, 5.1% HTN |
| 2 | Brancatella et al 8 | Case report | 1 | Italy | European | 18 | Female | — |
| 3 | Alfano et al 9 | Case report | 1 | Italy | European | 72 | Male | CVD, HTN, DM, CKD, ICH, AF |
| 4 | Garg et al 10 | Case report | 1 | US | Not specified | 78 | Male | HTN, DM, CKD, AF CHA2DS2-VASc of 4, ILD |
| 5 | Hollingshead and Hanrahan 11 | Case report | 1 | US | Not specified | 50 | Male | — |
| 6 | He et al 12 | Case report | 1 | China | Chinese | 39 | Female | ICH |
| 7 | Sardari et al 13 | Case report | 1 | Iran | Iranian | 31 | Male | — |
| 8 | Cavalagli et al 14 | Case report | 1 | Italy | European | 69 | Male | CVD, CeVD |
| 9 | Beckman et al 15 | Case report | 1 | Sweden | European | 51 | Male | — |
| 10 | Liu et al 16 | Case report | 1 | China | Asian | 35 | Male | — |
| 11 | Li et al 17 | Case report | 1 | China | Asian | 41 | Male | — |
| 12 | Fujikura et al 18 | Case report | 1 | US | Not specified | 77 | Female | CeVD, HTN, DM, Breast Cancer |
| 13 | Pohlan et al 19 | Case report | 1 | US | Not specified | 64 | Female | — |
| 14 | Zhou et al 20 | Case report | 1 | China | Not specified | 40 | Male | — |
| 15 | Chen et al 21 | Case report | 1 | China | Not specified | 38 | Male | — |
| 16 | May 22 | Case report | 1 | UK | European | 12 | Male | — |
| 17 | Xia et al 23 | Case report | 2 | China | Not specified | 70, 42 | Male 50% | — |
| 18 | Dou et al 24 | Case report | 1 | China | Chinese | 34 | Male | DM |
| 19 | Abushahin et al 25 | Case report | 1 | USA | American | 49 | Male | DM |
| 20 | Insausti-García et al 26 | Case report | 1 | Spain | European | 40 | Male | — |
| 21 | Gervasio et al 27 | Case report | 2 | Italy | Not specified | 54, 43 | Male 100% | HTN 50%, DM 50% |
| 22 | Takeda 28 | Case series | 6 | Brazil | Not specified | Mean (SD): 46.2 (16) | Male 83.3% | HTN 33.3%, BA 16.7%, ICH 16.7% |
| 23 | Puntmann et al 29 | Prospective Observational cohort study | 100 | Germany | European | Median: 49 (IQR 45-53) | Male 53% | CVD 13%, HTN 22%, DM 18%, BA 21%, COPD 21% |
| 24 | Lu 30 | Prospective study | 99 | China | Chinese | Cases mean (SD): 44.1 (16), controls mean (SD): 45.88 (13.9) | Male cases 56.7%, controls 56.4% | HTN 29.3%, DM 7.1% |
| 25 | Mo et al 31 | Retrospective cohort | 110 | China | Asian | Mean (SD): 49.1 (14) | Male 50% | CVD 2.7%, CeVD 2.7%, HTN 23.6%, DM 8.2%, Ca 0.9%, BA 0.9%, COPD 2.7%, CLD 5.5%, CKD 1.8% |
| 26 | Zhao et al 32 | Retrospective cohort | 55 | China | Asian | Mean (SD): 47.74 (15.49) | Male 58.1% | CVD 3.64%, HTN 10.91%, DM 3.64% |
| 27 | Clark et al 33 | Retrospective cohort | 66 | US | N = 16, Non-Hispanic | Median: 20 (IQR 19-21) | Male 63.6% | — |
| 28 | Rajpal et al 34 | Retrospective cohort | 26 | US | Not specified | Mean (SD): 19.5 (1.5) | Male 57.7% | — |
| 29 | Huang et al 35 | Retrospective, observational | 26 | China | Asian | Median: 38 (IQR 32-45) | Male 38% | HTN 8% |
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; BA, bronchial asthma; Ca, Cancer; CeVD, cerebrovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; ICH, immuno-compromised host; ILD, interstitial lung disease.