Table 1.
Summary of study characteristics.
| Reference number | Reference, year | Pathogen | Geography | Study design; Level of evidence a | Funding source(s) b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | Continent | |||||
| 1 | Ali et al., 2013 11 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | India | Asia | Modeling study; 2b | Academia; research council |
| 2 | Andradóttir et al., 2011 12 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | North America | North America | Modeling study; 2b | Industry |
| 3 | Bolton et al., 2012 13 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | Mongolia | Asia | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 4 | Bootsma et al., 2007 14 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | The United States | North America | Modeling study; 2b | Government; research council |
| 5 | Caley et al., 2008 2 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | Australia | Australia | Modeling study; 2b | Government; research council |
| 6 | Cowling et al., 2020 15 | COVID-19 | Hong Kong | Asia | Observational study; 2b | Government |
| 7 | Davey et al., 2008 3 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | The United States | North America | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 8 | Esquivel-Gómez et al., 2018 16 | Non-specific | Mexico | North America | Modeling study; 2b | Government; research council |
| 9 | Ferguson et al., 2005 17 | Influenza A (H5N1 subtype) | Thailand | Asia | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 10 | Ferguson et al., 2020 1 | COVID-19 | The United Kingdom; The United States | Europe; North America | Modeling study; 2b | Academia; government; research council |
| 11 | Fong et al., 2020 18 | Various influenza strains and subtypes; seasonal and future | Multiple countries | Global | Systematic review; 2a | Academia; government; research council |
| 12 | Glass et al., 2006 19 | Influenza A (H2N2 subtype) | The United States | North America | Modeling study; 2b | Research council |
| 13 | Halloran et al., 2008 4 | Future influenza pandemic | The United States | North America | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 14 | Hatchett et al., 2007 20 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | The United States | North America | Case-series; 4 | Government |
| 15 | He et al., 2013 21 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | The United Kingdom | Europe | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 16 | Hellewell et al., 2020 22 | COVID-19; SARS-coronavirus | Non-specific | NA | Modeling study; 2b | Academia |
| 17 | Hens et al., 2009 23 | Future influenza pandemic | Europe | Europe | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 18 | Herrera-Valdez et al., 2011 24 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | Mexico | North America | Modeling study; 2b | Academia |
| 19 | Jackson et al., 2014 25 | Influenza | Non-specific | NA | Systematic review; 2a | Government |
| 20 | Kelso et al., 2009 26 | Influenza A (H3N2 subtype) | Australia | Australia | Modeling study; 2b | Government; research council |
| 21 | Kelso et al., 2013 27 | Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 subtypes) | Australia | Australia | Modeling study; 2b | Academia |
| 22 | Khazeni et al., 2014 28 | Influenza A (H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes) | The United States | North America | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 23 | Koo et al., 2020 29 | COVID-19 | Singapore | Asia | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 24 | Maier and Brockmann, 2020 30 | COVID-19 | Mainland China | Asia | Modeling study; 3b | Academia; industry |
| 25 | Markel et al., 2007 31 | Influenza A (H1N1 subtype) | The United States | North America | Modeling study; 3b | Government |
| 26 | Prem et al., 2020 32 | COVID-19 | Mainland China | Asia | Modeling study; 2b | Government; research council |
| 27 | Teslya et al., 2020 33 | COVID-19 | The Netherlands | Europe | Modeling study; 2b | Government |
| 28 | Zhang et al., 2020 34 | COVID-19 | Mainland China | Asia | Modeling study; 3b | Government; research council |
NA: not applicable.
a
Adapted from Oxford Levels of Evidence: 10 Level 2a, systematic review with homogeneity of 2b or better studies; modeling studies were considered similar to economic and decision analysis study types; Level 2b, analysis based on clinically sensible costs or alternatives; limited review(s) of the evidence, or single studies, and including multi-way sensitivity analyses; Level 3b, analysis based on limited alternatives or costs, poor-quality estimates of data, but including sensitivity analyses incorporating clinically sensible variations; Level 4, case-series.
b
Funding source considerations: academia includes both government and private institutions; government; industry; and research councils include both for-profit and not-for-profit.