Figure 1.

Comparison between human versus mouse urothelium. In human bladder, basal cells have higher expression of CK5, 13, 14 and 17, intermediate cells are stacked in 5-7 layers (vs 3-4 in mice), and umbrella cells have higher expression of CK8, 7, 18 and 20, as well as a more cationic MD-2 protein associated with the TLR4, while mice have a high expression of TLR11 (which is not present in humans). Urine is less concentrated in humans, which also have higher storage capacity and lower urination frequency compared with mice.