Table 2.
In vitro human bladder cell-based models used for UTI studies.
| Model | Origin | Stretch | Flow | Urine | Agent | Additional info. | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell lines (monolayers) | |||||||
| PD07i | Pediatric human bladder epithelial cells immortalized using the human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 | N | Y | Y | E. coli | Flow chamber with shear stress (fluid replaced each 2 min) | (Andersen et al., 2012) |
| N | N | N | (Klumpp et al., 2006; Berry et al., 2009) | ||||
| N | N | N | Organotypic raft cultures in semisolid medium | (Thumbikat et al., 2009) | |||
| N | Y | Y | CellASIC Onix microfluidics system with M04S-03 plates | (Iosifidis and Duggin, 2020) | |||
| ATCC® HTB-9 | Human bladder epithelial cells 5637, from grade II carcinoma | N | N | N | E. coli | (Eto et al., 2006; Miao et al., 2015; Miao et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019; Patras et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021) | |
| N | N | Y | GBS* | (Tan et al., 2012) | |||
| N | N | N | (Patras et al., 2020) | ||||
| N | N | N | C. albicans | (Coady et al., 2018) | |||
| ATCC® HTB-1 | Human bladder epithelial cells J82, from transitional cell carcinoma | N | N | N | E. coli | (Langermann et al., 1997) | |
| ATCC® HTB-4 | Human bladder epithelial cells T24, from transitional cell carcinoma | N | N | N | E. coli | (Li et al., 2019; González et al., 2020) | |
| N | Y | N | Flow chamber with shear stress | (Zalewska-Piątek et al., 2020) | |||
| N | N | N | GBS* | (Ulett et al., 2010; Tan et al., 2012) | |||
| N | N | Y | |||||
| N | N | N | LPS from E. coli and flagellin from S. typhimurium | (Smith et al., 2011) | |||
| EJ (MGH-U1) | Human bladder carcinoma | ||||||
| Finite normal human urothelial (NHU) cells | Biopsies of the human ureter and bladder | ||||||
| UROtsa | Primary culture of normal human urothelium (ureter), immortalized using the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen | N | N | N | RNAse6 from E. coli | Cytotoxicity tests | (Becknell et al., 2015) |
| TEU-1 and/or TEU-2 | Primary human urothelial cells (from ureter) immortalized using human papillomavirus type 16 E6E7 | N | N | N | E. coli | (Klumpp et al., 2001; Klumpp et al., 2006; Billips et al., 2007; Billips et al., 2008) | |
| SR22A | Primary bladder urothelial cells obtained from a biopsy of a patient with interstitial cystitis | N | N | N | E. coli | (Klumpp et al., 2006) | |
| 3D structures | |||||||
| HTB-9 organoid | ATCC® HTB-9 (5637) cells | N | N | N | E. coli | Cells under microgravity conditions | (Smith et al., 2006) |
| HBEP and HBLAK organoid | Human bladder epithelial progenitor cells and spontaneously immortalized (non-transformed) counterpart, derived from the trigone region of the bladder. Available from CellNTec | N | N | Y | E. faecalis | (Horsley et al., 2018) | |
| Multilayered bladder rounded assembloid | Using normal human bladder tissue samples and stem cells; stroma components; fibroblasts; endothelial and smooth muscle cells | induced contraction of the muscle layer | N | N | E. coli | Bladder tumor assembloids were also created | (Kim et al., 2020) |
| Others | |||||||
| Urinary tract epithelia cells | Upper and lower urinary tract urothelial cells from human urine (mixture) | N | N | N | E. coli | Assays performed in PBS suspensions | (Svanborg Edén et al., 1976) |
| Asymmetric Unit Membranes | Apical surface of human bladders | N | N | N | (Wu et al., 1996) | ||
| Bladder tissue sections | Surgical pathology and autopsy files | N | N | N | (Langermann et al., 1997) | ||
| Urothelial and squamous cells | Fresh urine from patients | N | N | Y | (Martínez-Figueroa et al., 2020) | ||
*GBS, Group B Streptococcus, also known as Streptococcus agalactiae. Y, yes; N, no, refer to the use of urine, stretch or flow in these models.