. 2021 Apr 20;35(6):1071–1098. doi: 10.1177/02692163211010384

Table 2.

Study characteristics.

Qualitative studies
Author/year/country	Study type	Setting	Sample	Method of data collection	Outcome	Quality out of max. 10^c
Ling Lee and Ramaswamy (2020) Singapore	Phenomenological inquiry	Home	Size: 25	Interview study	Participants’ experience of living with advanced cancer.	6,5/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 58–76
			Female: 54.5%
Lee Mortensen et al. (2018)⁵⁴ Denmark	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 18	Focus group study	Health-related quality of life and support needs.	9,5/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 41–72
			Female: 100%
Ross and Austin (2015)⁵⁵ United Kingdom	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 16	Interview study	Spiritual needs and spiritual support preferences and guidelines.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cardio
			Age: 60–84
			Female: 43.8%
Hatamipour et al. (2015)⁵⁶ Iran	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 18	Interview study	Spiritual needs.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 22–72
			Female: 50%
O’Connor (2014)⁵⁷ Australia	Generic qualitative study	Home and hospice	Size: 8	Interview study	Experiences.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 56–86
			Female: 50%
Schroedl et al. (2014)⁵⁸ United States	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 20	Interview study	Unmet healthcare needs.	8/10
			Diagnosis: COPD
			Age: 52–83
			Female: 55%
Simha et al. (2013)⁵⁹ India	Generic qualitative study	Hospice	Size: 10	Interview study	Spiritual concerns.	8,5/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 38–70
			Female: 70%
Bajwah et al. (2013)⁶⁰ United Kingdom	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 8	Interview study	Palliative care needs.	10/10
			Diagnosis: Lung disease
			Age: 56–81
			Female: 37.5%
Elsner et al. (2012)⁶¹ India	Generic qualitative study	Palliative Care Clinic	Size: 37	Interview study	Psychosocial and spiritual problems.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer, kidney
			Age: 56.5
			Female: 59.5%
Dehghan et al. (2012)⁶² United Kingdom	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 3	Interview study	Palliative care needs and care experiences.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 20–52
			Female: 66.7%
Qualitative studies
Author/year/country	Study type	Setting	Sample	Method of data collection	Outcome	Quality out of max. 10^c
Chang et al. (2012)⁶³ United States	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 17	Interview study	Spiritual needs.	8,5/10
			Diagnosis: NR
			Age: 58–94
			Female: 0%
Volker and Wu (2011)⁶⁴ United States	Generic qualitative study	Urban and rural site	Size: 20	Interview study	The meaning of control and control preferences.	9/10
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 34–87
			Female: 50%
Strohbuecker et al. (2011)⁶⁵ Germany	Generic qualitative study	Nursing home	Size: 9	Interview study	Palliative care needs.	9/10
			Diagnosis: chronic
			Age: 70–100
			Female: 77.8%
Hsiao et al. (2011)⁶⁶ Taiwan	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 33	Interview study	Spiritual needs.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 51.92 (SD 10.2)
			Female: 48%
Nixon and Narayanasamy (2010)⁶⁷ United Kingdom	Generic qualitative study	Outpatient clinic	Size: 21	Questionnaire study	Spiritual needs.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 18–69
			Female: 50%
Shih et al. (2009)⁶⁸ Taiwan	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 35	Interview study	Constitutive patterns, spiritual needs, and professional actions.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 75.36 (SD 3.41)
			Female: 46%
Wijk and Grimby (2008)⁶⁹ Sweden	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 30	Interview study	Needs at the end of life.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 79
			Female: 50%
Shah et al. (2008)⁷⁰ United States	Generic qualitative study	Hospital	Size: 226	Content analysis	Concerns.	8,5/10
			Diagnosis: multiple
			Age: 65.08 (SD 14.73)
			Female: 50%
Aoun et al. (2008)⁷¹ Australia	Generic qualitative study	Home	Size: 11	Interview study	Supportive care needs.	9/10
			Diagnosis: Cancer
			Age: 73.6 (SD 11.5)
			Female: 72.7%
Mixed methods studies
Author/year/country	Study type	Setting	Sample	Method of data collection	Outcome	Quality out of max. 10 and 8^d
Egan et al. (2017)⁷² New Zealand	Mixed methods	Hospice/hospital	Interview/Survey^a	Interviews and The Spirituality in New Zealand Hospice/Palliative Care Survey	Spiritual beliefs, practices, and needs.	8/10 and 7/8
			Size: 24/141
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: ?e/67 (SD 10)
			Female: ?/55%
Quantitative studies
Author/year/country	Study type	Setting	Sample	Instrument for of data collection	Outcome	Quality out of max. 8^c
Yun et al. (2018)⁷³ South Korea	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	Size: 1001	Purposeful created instrument	Components of a good death.	7,5/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: <40–>50
			Female: 60.9%
Astrow et al. (2018)⁷⁴ United States	Observational study	Outpatient site	Size: 727	The Spiritual Needs Assessment for Patients (SNAP)	The dimension of spiritual need.	8/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 59 (SD 16.8)
			Female: 67.8%
Delgado-Guay et al. (2016)⁷⁵ United States	Randomized controlled trial	Palliative Care Unit	Size: 100	Purposefully created Go Wish card game List of wishes/statements	Wishes at the end of life.	7/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 27–83
			Female: 60%
Uitdehaag et al. (2015)⁷⁶ The Netherlands	Cross-sectional study	Outpatient clinic	Size: 56	Problems and Needs in Palliative Care questionnaire (PNPC)⁷⁷, EORTC-QLQ-OES18^78,79 and EORTC QLQ-PAN26⁸⁰	Problems and needs.	7/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 65 (SD 11.8)
			Female: 21.1 %
Effendy et al. (2015)⁸¹ The Netherlands/Indonesia	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	Indonesia/Netherlands^b	The Problems and Needs in Palliative Care questionnaire (PNPC)⁷⁷	Problems and unmet needs.	8/8
			Size: 180/94
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 21–77/30–87
			Female: 73.9%/70.2%
Dedeli et al. (2015)⁸² Turkey	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	Size: 230	Purposefully created instrument and Turkish adaptation of Patients Spiritual Needs Assessment Scale (PSNAS)⁸³	Spiritual needs.	8/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 55.3 (SD 15.8)
			Female: 52.2%
Vilalta et al. (2014)⁸⁴ Spain	Observational study	Palliative Care Unit	Size: 50	Purposefully created questionnaire	Spiritual Needs.	7,5/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 48% > 60
			Female: 38%
Quantitative studies
Author/year/country	Study type	Setting	Sample	Instrument for of data collection	Outcome	Quality out of max. 8^c
Höcker et al. (2014)⁸⁵ Germany	Cross-sectional study	Radiation clinic	Size: 285	Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ)⁸⁶	Spiritual needs.	8/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 18–83
			Female: 49.8
Pearce et al. (2012)⁸⁷ United States	Cross-sectional study	Oncology unit	Size: 143	Adaptation of Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Spiritual Wellbeing Scale (FACIT-Sp)⁸⁸	Unmet spiritual care needs.	8/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 58.6 (SD 14.2)
			Female: 49.3%
Fitch (2012)⁸⁹ Canada	Cross-sectional study	Radiation clinic	Size: 69	Adaptation of Supportive Care Needs Survey — Radiation (SCNS-R)⁹⁰	Supportive care needs.	7,5/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 65 (35–84)
			Female: 49.3%
Ugalde et al. (2011)⁹¹ Australia	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	Size: 108	Needs Assessment for Advanced Lung Cancer Patients (NA-ALCP)⁹²	Unmet needs.	7/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 39–83
			Female: 40%
Ben Natan et al. (2010)⁹³ Israel	Cross-sectional study	Geriatric center	Size: 73	Purposefully created questionnaire	End-of-life needs.	6,5/8
			Disease: ?
			Age: ?
			Female: 66.6%
Rainbird et al. (2009)⁹⁴ Australia	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	Size: 246	Needs Assessment for Advanced Cancer Patients questionnaire (NA-ACP)⁹⁵	Unmet needs.	6.5/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 61 (SD 11.9)
			Female: 53%
Cheng et al. (2008)⁹⁶ Taiwan	Cross-sectional study	Palliative care unit	Size: 366	The good death scale⁹⁷ and the audit scale for good death services⁹⁸	Factors related to a good death.	6,5/8
			Disease: Cancer
			Age: 65 (SD 16.49)
			Female: 50%

This mixed-methods study presents results on two studies separately – for example, populations are also presented separately.

Cross-sectional data were compared for two populations and presented separately.

This score is compiled out of the quality appraisal that can be seen in Tables 3–5.

The quality of the qualitative and quantitative arms of this mixed-methods has been assessed separately.

When a variable is unknown, this is presented as “?”.