Table 1.
Basic information of the included studies.
| Author, year | Study country |
Study sample | Enrolled period | Population | Age | Sex (%, male) | Statin regimen | Statin distribution (%, yes) | Comorbidity | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alamdari et al. (2020) [20] | Iran/Tehran | 459 | 30 January–5 April | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Mean ± SD: 6.17 ± 11.89 | 69.7 | Drug history | 25.5 | BMI >35 kg/m2, DM, hypertensive disorders, coronary heart disease, CKD, CLD, COPD, malignancy, immunocompromized | Mortality |
| Argenziano et al. (2020) [21] | USA/New York | 1000 | 1 March–5 April | All patients with COVID-19 who received emergency department or inpatient care | Median (IQR): 63.0 (50.0–75.0) | 59.6 | Drug history, Inpatient drug treatment | 36.1 | Hypertension, DM, CAD, CHF, pulmonary disease, asthma, COPD, OSA, interstitial lung disease, renal disease, history of stroke, active cancer, transplant history, rheumatological disease, HIV, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) | ICU admission |
| Cariou Bertrand et al. (2020) [22] | French | 1317 | 10 March–10 April | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Mean ± SD: 69.8 ± 13.0 | 64.9 | Drug history | 47.6 | HF, NAFLD or liver cirrhosis, active cancer, COPD, Treated OSA, organ graft, end-stage renal failure | Mortality, primary outcome |
| Cariou et al. (2020) [14] | French | 2449 | 10 March–10 April | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Mean ± SD: 70.9 ± 12.5 | 64.03 | Drug history | 48.67 | HF, NAFLD, liver cirrhosis, active cancer, COPD, treated OSA | IMV, mortality |
| Daniels et al. (2020) [23] | USA/California | 170 | 10 February–17 June | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Mean ± SD: 59 ± 19 | 58 | Drug history | 27.1 | Obesity, DM, hypertension, CVD, HF, stroke, CKD, asthma, COPD, cancer, HIV | Mortality, severity, ICU admission |
| Davoudi-Monfared et al. (2020) [24] | Iran/Tehran | 81 | 29 February–3 April | Patients with severe COVID-19 | Mean ± SD IFN groups: 56.0 ± 16 control group: 59.5 ± 14 |
54.3 | Inpatient drug treatment | 18.52 | Any comorbidity, hypertension, DM, ischaemic heart disease, endocrine disorder, malignancy, neuropsychiatric disorders, haematologic disorder, rheumatoid disorder, renal disease, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, transplantation, COPD | IFN |
| De Spiegeleer et al. (2020) [25] | Belgium | 154 | 1 March–16 April | All (anonymized) residents at 2 care homes with COVID-19 | Mean ± SD: 85.9 ± 7.2 | 33.1 | Drug history | 21 | Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, COPD, DM, renal failure, liver disease, obesity | Severity |
| Dreher et al. (2020) [26] | Germany/Aachen | 50 | February–March | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Median (IQR): 65 (58–76) | 66 | Drug history | 36 | Arterial hypertension, obesity, overweight, DM, prediabetes, COPD, OSA, bronchial asthma, other pulmonary diseases, CKD, nicotine abuse, cerebral arterial occlusive disease, cancer, chronic hepatitis, chronic liver failure, PAD | ARDS |
| Grasselli et al. (2020) [27] | Italy | 3988 | 20 February–22 April | Patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection admitted to one of the network ICUs | Median (IQR): 63 (56–69) | 79.9 | Drug history | 29.79 | Hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, heart disease, DM, malignant neoplasm, COPD, CKD, liver disease, other disease | Mortality |
| Gupta et al. (2020) [12] | USA/New York | 1296a | 1 February–12 May | COVID-19 positive patients | Median (IQR): 69 (61 − 77) | 56.48 | Drug history | 50 | Hypertension, DM, CAD, HF, chronic lung disease, CKD, stroke/TIA, atrial arrhythmias, liver disease | IMV, Mortality |
| Higuchi et al. (2021) [28] | Japan | 57 | 20 February–10 June | Consecutive hospital- admitted patients with COVID-19 | Median (IQR): 52 (35–69.5) | 56.1 | Drug history | 21.1 | Hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, COPD, asthma, DM, hyperlipidaemia, CKD, haemodialysis, solid tumour | Disease status |
| Israel et al. (2020) [29] | Israel | 37,212a | 25 September–10 October | Hospital admission and confirmation cases | Mean ± SD hospitalized: 56.8 ± 18.9 not hospitalized: 57.2 ± 18.7 |
49.11 | Drug history | Cohort 1: 4.81 | Arrhythmia, asthma, CHF, COPD, DM, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, malignancy, CKD, obesity | Mortality |
| Jakob et al. (2021) [30] | Germany | 2155 | 16 March–14 May | COVID-19 positive patients | NA | 59.7 | Drug history | 23.2 | Cardiovascular disease, DM, pulmonary disease, haematological and/or oncological disease, neurological disease, kidney disease, connective tissue disease, peptic ulcer disease, CLD, liver cirrhosis, organ transplantation, rheumatic disease, HIV/AIDS | Definition complicated clinical staging |
| Mallow et al. (2020) [31] | USA | 21,676 | 15 March–30 April | COVID-19 positive patients | Mean ± SD: 64.9 ± 17.2 | 52.8 | Inpatient drug treatment | 24.51 | Chronic lung disease, moderate-to-severe asthma, severe heart disease, immunocompromized, obesity, diabetes, CKD with dialysis, liver disease, hypertension, CKD (any stage), haemoptysis, hypothyroidism, DNR status, MI, CHF, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, connective tissue disease, peptic ulcer disease, mild liver disease, DM without end-organ damage, DM with end-organ damage, hemiplegia, moderate or severe renal disease tumour without metastases, moderate or severe liver disease, metastatic solid tumour, AIDS | CDC risk factors |
| McCarthy et al. (2020) [32] | USA/Boston | 247 | 7 March–30 March | Hospitalized with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 | Median (IQR): 61 (50–76) | 57.6 | Drug history | 75.7 | Overweight, obesity, overweight or obesity, asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease, OSA/OHS, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, DM, known CAD, prior MI, prior revascularization, HF, PAD, prior stroke/TIA, AF, liver cirrhosis, CKD, CKD on dialysis, history of malignancy, active malignancy, prior organ transplant, rheumatologic or inflammatory disorder requiring immunosuppression | ICU admission |
| Nguyen et al. (2020) [33] | USA | 689 | 16 March–16 April | COVID-19 positive patients | Median (IQR): 55 (40–68) | 43 | Drug history | 16.7 | Obesity, DM, hypertension, stroke/cerebrovascular | Mortality |
| Nicholson et al. (2021) [34] | USA | 1042 | 19 May– 20 July | Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection | Median (IQR): 64 (53–75) | 56.81 | Drug history | 49.04 | DM, CKD (stages III–VI), COPD, asthma, cancer, CAD, HF, AF | IMV, mortality |
| Pitscheider et al. (2020) [35] | Austria | 609 | N/A | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Median (IQR) SARS-CoV-2 cohort: 68 (54–79) |
56.65 | Drug history | 11.99 | CAD, arterial hypertension, DM, COPD | Comparison of COVID-19 patients and influenza patients |
| Rodriguez-Nava et al. (2020) [36] | USA/Evanston | 87 | March–May | Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to the community hospital ICU | Median (IQR): 68.0 (58.0–75.0) | 64.4 | Inpatient drug treatment | 54 | Hypertension, cardiovascular disease | Mortality |
| Rossi et al. (2020) [37] | Italy | 71 | 29 February–20 May | COVID-19 positive patients | Median (IQR): 71 (64–92) | 56.33 | Drug history | 59.1 | DM, CAD, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, CKD, COPD, cancer | Mortality |
| Saeed et al. (2020) [38] | USA/New York | 4252 | 1 March–2 May | Hospital admission and confirmation cases | Mean ± SD: 65 ± 16 | 53.50 | Inpatient drug treatment | 31.87 | DM, hypertension, ASHD, lung disease | Mortality |
| Song et al. (2020) [39] | USA/Rhode Island | 249 | 17 March–10 April | Patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 | Median (IQR): 62.0 (51.0–75.0) | 57 | Drug history | 49.4 | Hypertension, DM, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2), CAD, cerebrovascular disease, aortic or mitral valvulopathy, CHF, History of pulmonary embolism, COPD, chronic renal failure | IMV, ICU admission, mortality |
| Tan et al. (2020) [40] | Singapore | 717 | 22 January–15 April | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Median (IQR): 46 (19–57) | 57.18 | Drug history | 21.06 | High cardiovascular risk profile, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, DM, previous atherosclerotic complications, CHF, lung disease, CKD, history of other malignancy | IMV, ICU admission, mortality |
| Wang et al. (2020) [41] | USA/New York | 58 | 1 March–30 April | COVID-19 positive patients | Median (IQR): 67 (12.5) | 52 | Drug history | 47 | Low function, DM, hypertension | Mortality |
| Yan et al. (2020) [42] | China/Zhejiang | 578 | 10 January–28 February | COVID-19 positive patients | Mean ± SD: 49.18 ± 14.16 | 50.7 | Drug history | 2.6 | DM, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, renal Failure | Severity |
| Yang et al. (2020) [43] | China/Wuhan | 836 | 1 January–23 March | COVID-19 positive patients | Median (IQR): 73.5 (64.5–86.6) | 48.44 | Inpatient drug treatment | 25.64 | HBV, DM, hypertension, cardio- or cerebrovascular, tumour | Mortality |
| Zenga et al. (2020) [44] | China/Wuhan | 1031 | 27 January–8 March | Hospitalized with COVID-19 | Mean ± SD: 60.3 ± 14.3 | 52.2 | Drug history | 3.6 | Hypertension, DM, cardiovascular disease, nervous system disease, chronic lung disease, tumour | Mortality |
| Zhang et al. (2020) [11] | China/Hubei | 4305a | 30 December 2019–17 April 2020 | Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 | Median (IQR): 66.0 (59.0–72.0) | 48.85 | Inpatient drug treatment | 8.72 | COPD, hHypertension, DM, CHD, stroke, cancer | IMV, ICU admission, mortality |
AF: atrial fibrillation; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ASHD: arteriosclerotic heart disease; BMI: body mass index; CT: computed tomography; CLD: chronic liver disease; CHD: congenital heart defect; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HF: heart failure; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilator; ICU: intensive care unit; IFN: interferon; MI: myocardial infarction; OSA: obstructive sleep apnoea; OHS: obesity hypoventilation syndrome; PAD: peripheral artery disease; RT-PCR: real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SD: standard deviation; TIA: transient ischaemic attack; USA: United States of America. aNumber of participants after applying propensity score-matching model to minimize differences in baseline characteristics between statin users versus non-statin users.