TABLE 2.
Methodological aspects of breastfeeding data source from high‐income countries (n = 51)
| Country/territories | First year | Last year | Type of data | Study population | Follow‐up a | Response rate (%) b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region of the Americas | ||||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1995 | 2006 | National Health survey | Children under 5 years | ‐ | ND |
| Aruba | 2002 | 2010 | National Health survey | ND | ‐ | ND |
| Bahamas | 2001 | 2001 | National Health survey | Children 0–24 months | ‐ | ND |
| Canada | 2000 | 2018 | National Health survey | Women 15–55 years who gave birth in the last 5 years | Annual | 96 |
| Chile | 2005 | 2016 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children under 6 years | Annual | 94 |
| Puerto Rico | 2013 | 2015 | Infant immunization survey | Children 19–35 months | Annual | 33 |
| United States | 2000 | 2016 | Infant immunization survey | Children 19–35 months | Annual | 33 |
| Uruguay | 1996 | 2011 | Breastfeeding survey | Children 0–24 months | d | 94 |
| Virgin Islands | 2014 | 2015 | Infant immunization survey | Children 19–35 months | Annual | 33 |
| Western Pacific Region | ||||||
| Australia | 1995 | 2018 | National Health survey | Children 0–3 years | 3 years | 76 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 2009 | 2009 | Infant survey | Children 0–5 years | ‐ | ND |
| Guam | 2014 | 2016 | Infant immunization survey | Children 19–35 months | Annual | 33 |
| Japan | 1985 | 2015 | Infant survey | Children up to 2 years | 5 years | 60 |
| Korea, Republic | 2003 | 2018 | National Health survey | Married women (15–45 years) who gave birth in the last 3 years | 3 years | ND |
| New Zealand | 1999 | 2017 | Electronic data (Maternity hospitals) | Birth to 6 weeks | Annual | 95 |
| Palau | 2010 | 2018 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Women who gave birth in the last 4 years | Annual | ND |
| Singapore | 2001 | 2011 | Breastfeeding survey | Women who gave birth and followed up to 6 months | d | 46 |
| European Region | ||||||
| Austria | 2006 | 2006 | Infant survey | Children followed up to 12 months | ‐ | ND |
| Belgium | 2012 | 2012 | Infant immunization survey | Children 18–24 months | ‐ | ND |
| Croatia, Republic | 2005 | 2016 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–12 months | Annual | 97/90 |
| Cyprus | 2014 | 2017 | Electronic data (Maternity hospitals) | Birth | Annual | 99 |
| Czech Republic | 2000 | 2017 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–12 months | Annual | ND |
| Denmark | 2012 | 2017 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–12 months | Annual | 99 |
| England | 2003 | 2018 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Birth to 8 weeks | Annual | 96 |
| Estonia | 1998 | 2019 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–12 months | Annual | 99 |
| Finland | 1995 | 2019 | Infant survey | Children 0–12 months | 9 years | 22 |
| France | 2010 | 2016 | Infant survey | Children followed up from birth to 12 months | ‐ | 94 |
| Germany | 2009 | 2012 | Infant survey | Children under 6 years | ‐ | 39 |
| Greece | 2007 | 2017 | Breastfeeding survey | Children 6–9 months | ‐ | 63 |
| Iceland | 1999 | 2008 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–12 months | Annual | 60 |
| Ireland, Republic | 2007 | 2016 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Birth to 6 weeks | Annual | ND |
| Israel | 2000 | 2012 | Infant survey | Children followed from birth to 24 months | ‐ | 50 |
| Italy | 2000 | 2013 | National Health survey | Women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey | ‐ | ND |
| Latvia | 2008 | 2019 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–12 months | Annual | 95 |
| Lithuania | 2005 | 2018 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–12 months | Annual | ND |
| Luxembourg | 2008 | 2015 | Infant survey | Children 4–12 months | 7 years | 71 |
| Malta | 2000 | 2018 | Electronic data (Maternity hospitals) | Birth | Annual | 93 |
| Netherlands | 2001 | 2015 | Infant survey | Mothers of children under 7 months | c | ND |
| Northern Ireland | 2007 | 2017 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Birth to 12 months | Annual | 98 |
| Norway | 1999 | 2019 | Infant survey | Children 6 and 24 months | 6 years | 73/47 |
| Poland | 2015 | 2015 | Breastfeeding survey | Women who gave birth and followed up to 12 months | ‐ | 100/39/25 |
| Portugal | 1996 | 2014 | National Health survey | Women 15–55 years who gave birth | ‐ | ND |
| Scotland | 2002 | 2018 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–15 months | ‐ | 70 |
| Spain | 1995 | 2017 | National Health survey | Children 0–4 years | ‐ | 72 |
| Sweden | 1964 | 2017 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–12 months | Annual | 99 |
| Switzerland | 1994 | 2014 | Infant survey | Children 0–12 months | ‐ | 40 |
| Wales | 2015 | 2018 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Birth to 12 months | Annual | ND |
| Eastern Mediterranean Region | ||||||
| Bahrain | 1995 | 2002 | Infant survey | Children 0–24 months | ‐ | ND |
| Kuwait | 2011 | 2017 | Electronic data (primary health care) | Children 0–23 months | 7 years | 98 |
| Oman, Sultanate | 2005 | 2017 | Infant survey | Children 0–24 months | 8 years | 93 |
| Saudi Arabia | 2017 | 2018 | National Health survey | Children under 3 years | ‐ | ND |
Abbreviation: ND, not described.
a
According to the last follow‐up.
b
Rate refers to the last study follow‐up; more than one rate corresponds to different phases within the study. For electronic data, rate was based on the number of health units that had submitted data or the percent of unknown/missing data reported.
c
Not regular.
d
Discontinued.