TABLE 2.
Baseline usual nutrient intakes, prevalence of intake inadequacy, micronutrient density and prevalence of micronutrient density inadequacy among 6‐ to 9‐month‐old children enrolled in the Mazira Project, Mangochi District, Malawi, 2018–2019 (n = 659)
| Nutrient | EAR/AI a | Estimated usual intake per day, mean ± SE | Prevalence of nutrient intake inadequacy, % (95% CI) | Desired micronutrient density, intake per 100 kcal | Micronutrient density, mean ± SE | Prevalence of micronutrient density inadequacy, % (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 6–8 months | Age 9–11 months | ||||||
| Carbohydrates (g) | 95* | 85 ± 0.7 | 81 (76, 85) | – | – | – | – |
| Fat (g) | 30* | 29 ± 0.3 | 60 (53, 66) | – | – | – | – |
| Crude protein (g) | 1.12/kg | 12 ± 0.1 | 0 (0, 0) | – | – | – | – |
| Availability‐adjusted protein (g) | 0.95/kg | 11 ± 0.1 | 0 (0, 0) | – | – | – | – |
| Calcium (mg) | 260* | 174 ± 3 | 94 (92, 97) | 33 | 25 | 10.60 ± 1.50 | 95 (90, 100) |
| Iron (mg) | 9.3 | 1.9 ± 0.05 | 100 (100, 100) | 3.72 | 2.49 | 0.77 ± 0.07 | 100 (99, 100) |
| Zinc (mg) | 4 | 1.58 ± 0.02 | 100 (100, 100) | 2 | 1 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 99 (98, 100) |
| Selenium (μg) | 20* | 19.7 ± 0.2 | 57 (52, 62) | 3 | 2 | 4.01 ± 0.81 | 34 (26, 42) |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 500* | 353 ± 5 | 94 (91, 98) | 77 | 57 | 43.59 ± 2.93 | 84 (80, 88) |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.3* | 0.259 ± 0.003 | 80 (76, 85) | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 74 (48, 100) |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.4* | 0.287 ± 0.003 | 98 (96, 101) | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 87 (61, 112) |
| Niacin (mg) | 4* | 1.88 ± 0.05 | 97 (95, 99) | 1 | 1 | 0.69 ± 0.06 | 87 (78, 96) |
| Vitamin B5 (mg) | 1.8* | 1.22 ± 0.01 | 99 (98, 100) | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 100 (94, 106) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.3* | 0.201 ± 0.003 | 95 (93, 97) | 0.1 | 0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 80 (51, 109) |
| Folate (μg DFE) | 80* | 72 ± 1 | 73 (64, 82) | 10 | 8 | 11.26 ± 1.11 | 54 (44, 65) |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 0.5* | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 13 (−8, 34) | 0 b | 0 b | 0.08 ± 0.12 | 0 (0, 0) |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 50* | 24.4 ± 0.4 | 100 (100, 100) | 10 | 7 | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 100 (100, 100) |
| Choline (mg) | 150* | 102 ± 1 | 97 (95, 98) | 19 | 15 | 6.79 ± 0.42 | 99 (97, 101) |
Note: Usual nutrient intake and prevalence of nutrient intake inadequacy were estimated using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to control for measurement error and reflect combined intakes from complementary diet and breastfeeding. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals calculated by bootstrap with n = 200 iterations. Micronutrient density of the complementary diet was calculated as nutrient intake per 100 kcal, using NCI method to model bivariate distributions of micronutrient and energy intakes, controlling for measurement error. Desired micronutrient density was calculated as the micronutrient density required to meet the recommended daily allowance or adequate intake of each nutrient, assuming published values for average breast milk intakes by age group and average energy intakes from complementary foods by age group from 24‐h recalls (World Health Organization [WHO], 1998). Prevalence of micronutrient density inadequacy was calculated as percent of participants with micronutrient density below the desired micronutrient density for their age.
Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; CI, confidence interval; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; EAR, estimated average requirement; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; SE, standard error.
EAR or AI values are taken from the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine for all nutrients other than iron and zinc (NASEM, 2019). The recommended nutrient intake for iron from low bioavailability diets is taken from the World Health Organization (WHO, 2004). The EAR for zinc from unrefined, plant‐based diets is taken from iZiNCG (IZiNCG, 2004). AIs are marked with an asterisk (*). The EAR for protein is expressed as gram protein per kilogram body weight. Inadequacy was determined using each child's body weight measured at the baseline assessment.
Desired micronutrient density for vitamin B12 is 0 for children age 6–8 and 9–11 months because breast milk intake is expected to provide sufficient vitamin B12 to meet requirements.