TABLE 5.
Usual micronutrient density and prevalence of micronutrient density inadequacy at 3‐month midline and 6‐month endline assessments, by treatment group, among children enrolled in the Mazira Project, Mangochi District, Malawi, 2018–2019
| Desired micronutrient density | Egg group (n = 301) | Control group (n = 296) | p value a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 9–11 months | Age 12–23 months | Micronutrient density, mean ± SE | Prevalence of inadequacy, % (95% CI) | Micronutrient density, mean ± SE | Prevalence of inadequacy, % (95% CI) | Micronutrient density | Prevalence of inadequacy | |
| 3‐month midline b | ||||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 25 | 121 | 13.76 ± 0.98 | 94 (90, 99) | 14.48 ± 1.04 | 94 (90, 98) | 0.62 | 0.95 |
| Iron (mg) | 2.49 | 1.24 | 0.60 ± 0.07 | 100 (97, 103) | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 98 (95, 100) | 0.49 | 0.28 |
| Zinc (mg) | 1 | 1 | 0.53 ± 0.07 | 92 (84, 100) | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 95 (92, 99) | 0.40 | 0.48 |
| Selenium (μg) | 2 | 2 | 5.61 ± 0.93 | 0 (0, 1) | 4.24 ± 0.35 | 3 (−2, 8) | 0.17 | 0.25 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 55 | 7 | 116.21 ± 11.66 | 48 (39, 56) | 27.37 ± 2.58 | 71 (65, 77) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 57 (43, 72) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 68 (51, 85) | 0.36 | 0.35 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 43 (30, 55) | 0.04 ± 0.003 | 81 (71, 91) | 0.0005 | <0.0001 |
| Niacin (mg) | 1 | 1 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | 93 (77, 109) | 0.64 ± 0.05 | 88 (78, 99) | 0.72 | 0.66 |
| Vitamin B5 (mg) | 0.21 | 0 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 78 (65, 90) | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 88 (80, 96) | 0.22 | 0.17 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 60 (41, 78) | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 72 (47, 96) | 0.47 | 0.44 |
| Folate (μg DFE) | 23 | 23 | 12.41 ± 0.95 | 39 (31, 48) | 11.55 ± 1.13 | 48 (38, 58) | 0.56 | 0.20 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 0 | 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.33 | 73 (63,82) | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 82 (75, 89) | 0.94 | 0.12 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 7 | 0 | 1.62 ± 1.21 | 99 (95, 103) | 2.44 ± 42.04 | 96 (89, 103) | 0.98 | 0.5 |
| Choline (mg) | 13 | 27 | 16.70 ± 1.25 | 58 (48, 68) | 6.5 ± 0.87 | 98 (96, 100) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| 6‐month endline b | ||||||||
| Calcium (mg) | 25 | 121 | 21.30 ± 3.84 | 98 (95, 100) | 19.18 ± 1.23 | 98 (97, 100) | 0.60 | 0.56 |
| Iron (mg) | 2.49 | 1.24 | 0.73 ± 0.1 | 90 (83, 96) | 0.69 ± 0.06 | 92 (84, 99) | 0.69 | 0.72 |
| Zinc (mg) | 1 | 1 | 0.47 ± 0.05 | 99 (91, 106) | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 87 (77, 97) | 0.07 | 0.06 |
| Selenium (μg) | 2 | 2 | 4.96 ± 5.42 | 0 (0, 1) | 4.05 ± 0.48 | 1 (−1, 4) | 0.87 | 0.53 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 55 | 7 | 49.27 ± 9.6 | 6 (4, 9) | 28.34 ± 1.89 | 14 (8, 21) | 0.033 | 0.022 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 88 (74, 103) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 75 (57, 93) | 0.23 | 0.24 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 78 (59, 98) | 0.04 ± 0.003 | 99 (90, 108) | 0.85 | 0.06 |
| Niacin (mg) | 1 | 1 | 0.62 ± 0.05 | 94 (86, 103) | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 93 (78, 108) | 0.56 | 0.94 |
| Vitamin B5 (mg) | 0.21 | 0 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 98 (97, 99) | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 99 (98, 100) | 0.029 | 0.034 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 93 (74, 111) | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 76 (57, 96) | 0.26 | 0.24 |
| Folate (μg DFE) | 23 | 23 | 11.52 ± 0.96 | 91 (87, 95) | 11.28 ± 0.54 | 90 (87, 94) | 0.83 | 0.88 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 0 | 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.55 | 8 (−23, 38) | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 23 (8, 38) | 0.90 | 0.39 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 7 | 0 | 1.33 ± 1.39 | 100 (99, 101) | 1.48 ± 0.2 | 100 (100, 100) | 0.92 | 0.95 |
| Choline (mg) | 13 | 27 | 16.72 ± 4.43 | 88 (83, 94) | 7.75 ± 0.43 | 99 (98, 101) | 0.045 | 0.0001 |
Note: Micronutrient density of the complementary diet was calculated as nutrient intake per 100 kcal, using National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to model bivariate distributions of micronutrient and energy intakes, controlling for measurement error. Desired micronutrient density was calculated as the micronutrient density required to meet the recommended daily allowance or adequate intake of each nutrient, assuming published values for average breast milk intakes by age group and average energy intakes from complementary foods by age group from 24‐h recalls (WHO, 1998). Desired micronutrient density is set to 0 if average breast milk intakes provide nutrient intakes at or above the recommended nutrient intake level. Prevalence of micronutrient density inadequacy was calculated as percent of participants with micronutrient density below the desired micronutrient density for their age.
Abbreviations: DFE, dietary folate equivalents; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; SE, standard error.
Unequal variances t test for difference between groups using bootstrap standard errors (n = 200 bootstrap samples).
Sample size at 3‐month midline included n = 291 children in the egg group and n = 306 children in the control group. Sample size at 6‐month endline included n = 290 children in the egg group and n = 305 children in the control group. Participants were 9 to 12 months old at midline and 12 to 15 months old at endline.