Table 1:

Examples of HDL-associated proteins, lipids, and miRNAs associated with the presence or incidence of diseases or mortality

Molecules	Function in HDL	Disease association
Particles
HDL particle number	Determines CEC⁴⁵	Inversely with risk of ASCVD⁴⁶
Small HDL	Determines CEC⁴⁵	Positively with diabetes, Inversely with risk of ASCVD^45,47
Large HDL	Determines CEC⁴⁵	Positively with diabetes^{45, 47}
Prebeta-HDL	HDL-precursor, determines CEC	Positively with the presence of ASCVD⁴⁸

Proteins
ApoA-I	Structural component Activator of LCAT Ligand of HDL receptor and ABCA1 Anti-oxidative	Total apoA-I: Inversely with incident ASCVD or mortality³⁹, various posttranslational modifications of apoA-I are positively associated with presence of ASCVD^{42, 44}
apoC-III	Promotes apoptosis of endothelial cells and activation, inhibits cholesterol efflux^{49, 50}	Positively with incident ASCVD or diabetes^{39, 51}
apoE	Hepatic Removal of HDL,⁵² stimulation of cholesterol efflux anti-inflammatory activities	Inversely with risk of ASCVD and dementia¹
Serum amyloid A	Acute phase reactant inhibits cholesterol efflux and eNOS activation⁵³	Positively with presence of ASCVD and mortality of patients with ASCVD or ESRD^{53, 54}
Paraoxonase 1	Inhibition of lipid-peroxidation	Inversely with presence of ASCVD or diabetes⁵⁵
Pulmonary surfactant protein B	Component of lung surfactant	Positively with mortality in patients with ESRD or heart failure^{54, 56}

Lipids

Cholesteryl esters	Core lipid determining size and shape	Inversely with presence and incidence of ASCVD, diabetes, and other diseases¹
Triglycerides	Core lipid	Positively with mortality in ASCVD patients⁵⁷
Phosphatidylcholines	Determine fluidity of HDL and thereby cholesterol efflux capacity;^{45, 58} substrate for the generation of lyso-phospholipids	Heterogeneous, depending on species^{45, 58}
PC- and PE-plasmalogens	Anti-oxidative^58–60	Inversely with presence of ASCVD or diabetes^58–60
Lysophosphatidylcholines (e.g. LPC18:1, LPC18:2)	Enzymatically produced from HDL-derived lipids. Signalling	Inversely with diabetes^{45, 61}
sphingomyelins	Determine rigidity of HDL and thereby cholesterol efflux capacity and anti-apoptotic activity towards endothelial cells;⁴⁵ substrate for the generation of S1P and ceramides	Some species inversely with presence of diabetes or ASCVD^{45, 61, 62}
Sphingosine-1 phosphate	Agonist of five G-protein coupled S1P receptors; Multiple vasoprotective, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory actions^{63, 64}	Inversely with presence of ASCVD or diabetes⁶⁴

microRNAs

miR-223	Most abundant miRNA in HDL. Regulates VCAM expression in endothelial cells and cholesterol metabolism in liver⁶⁵	Increased in ACS and diabetes. Decreases upon weight loss^{66, 67}
miR-375-3p	Secreted by pancreatic beta cells to HDL⁶⁸	Increased levels in beta cell failure after islet transplantation⁶⁹

HDL=high density lipoprotein; CEC=cholesterol efflux capacity; ASCVD=atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; ApoA-I=apolipoprotein A-I; LCAT=lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase; ABCA1=ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1; apoC-III=apolipoprotein C-III; apoE=apolipoprotein E; eNOS=endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ESRD=end-stage renaldisease; PC=phosphatidylcholine; PE=phosphatidylethanolamine; LPC= lysophosphatidylcholines; S1P=sphingosine-1-phosphate; miR=micro ribonucleic acid; VCAM=vascular cell adhesion molecule; ACS=acute coronary syndrome