Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Study location | Migrant workers | Non-migrant workers | Study period | Occupation or industrial sector | Type of study | Number of participants or events | Female | Age (in years) | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Thani 2015 [17] | One site, Qatar | Nationals of Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Nepal, Philippines and Sri Lanka | Nationals of Qatar | 4 years (2010–13) | Labourers | Cohort study | 2,015 participants | 0·02 | 32 (mean) | Has died from an occupational injury, Has had any occupational injury (major injury only), measured with the Abbreviated Injury Score |
| Biering 2017 [18, 19] | One site, Denmark | Nationals of old EU, new EU and other countries | Nationals of Denmark | 11 years (2003–13) | All workers | Cohort study | 63,601 participants | 0·47 | Unclear | Has had any occupational injury, measured with physician or employer report |
| Byler 2018 [20] | United States of America (USA) | Workers born in Africa, Americas (other than the USA), Asia, Europe and other regions | Workers born in the United States of America | 8 years (2003–10) | All workers | Cohort study | Unclear number of participants (39,048 observations) | 0·08 | 16–67 (range) | Has died from an occupational injury, measured with administrative records |
| Cha 2014 [21] | Republic of Korea | Nationals of Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Nepal, Philippines and Sri Lanka | Nationals of the Republic of Korea | 3 years (2005–07) | All workers | Cohort study | 341,359 + 1,252,8879 participants | 0·17 | Any age (range) | Has died from an occupational injury, Has had any occupational injury (non-fatal only) |
| Dias 2017 [22] | Unclear number of sites, Portugal | Nationals of countries in the Africa, Americas, and Europe (other than Portugal) | Nationals of Portugal | Sex workers | Cross-sectional study | 853 participants | 1·0 | 35·9 (mean) | Has used any health service; measured with self-reported lifetime use of HIV testing | |
| Giraudo 2017 [23] | Italy | Nationals of countries in Africa, Asia (except Japan and Republic of Korea), Latin America, and Central and Eastern Europe | Nationals of Italy | 6 years (2000–05) | Manufacturing, Construction, and Services (industrial sectors) | Cohort study | 397,986 workers with 6,629 events | 0·00 | 16–55 (range) | Has had any occupational injury (serious occupational injury resulting in four or more days of absence) |
| Goldenberg 2014 [24] | Vancouver, Canada | Born outside of Canada | Born in Canada | 3 years (2010–12) | Sex workers | Cross-sectional study | 650 participants | 1·00 | 34 (median) | Has human immune virus, measured with laboratory tests |
| Ismayilova 2014 [25] | Almaty, Kazakhstan | Nationals of Azerbaijan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan | Nationals of Khazakhstan (internal migrants only) | 4 months (2007) | Market workers | Cross-sectional study | 450 participants | 0·50 | 27·7 (mean) | Has had clinical depression in last week, measured with the Depression Subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory |
| López-Arquillos 2016 [26] | Spain | Nationals of a country other than Spain | Nationals of Spain | 6 years (2003–08) | Automotive repair workshop workers | Cohort study | 89,954 events | 0·03 | Unclear | Has had any occupational injury (bone fracture only) |
| Mc Grath-Lone 2014 [27] | England, United Kingdom | Born outside of the United Kingdom | Born in United Kingdom | 1 year (2011) | Sex workers | Cohort study | 2,704 participants | 1·00 | 28 (migrant), 29 (non-migrant) (mean) | Has human immunodeficiency virus, measured with a medical test |
| Rakprasit 2017 [28] | Thailand | Nationals of countries other than Thailand | Nationals of Thailand | 1 year (2011) | All workers | Cohort study | 803,817 participants | 0·59 | 18–59 (range) | Has used any health services (for diarrhoea only), measured with administrative records |
| Reid 2016 [29] | Australia | Born in a country other than Australia | Born in Australian | 12 years (1991–2002) | All workers | Cohort study | 5,156 events | 0·50 | 15–64 (range) | Has died from an occupational injury |
| Ricco 2019 [30] | Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy | Born in a country in the Eastern Mediterranean | Born in Italy | 14 years (2000–13) | All workers | Cohort study | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Has had any occupational injury, measured with administrative records |
| Richter 2014 [31] | Three cities, South Africa | Nationals of Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Zambia, and Zimbabwe | Nationals of South Africa | 1 year (2010) | Sex workers | Cross-sectional study | 1,653 participants | 1·00 | 29.7 (mean) | Has used any health service in last month |
| Rubiales-Gutierrez 2010 [32] | Spain | Nationals of countries with a low Human Development Index score in Asia, Europe, Latin America and Oceania | Nationals of Spain | 1 year (2008) | All workers | Cross-sectional study | 10,927 participants | 0·42 (migrant), 0·41 (non-migrant) | Unclear | Has had any occupational injury |
| Salvatore 2013 [33] | Italy | Nationals of high migration pressure countriesa | Nationals of Italy | 1 year (2007) | All workers | Cohort study | 60,528 participants | 0·62 (migrant), 0·62 (non-migrant) | Unclear | Has had any occupational injury |
| Sieberer 2012 [34] | Germany | Nationals of Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, Turkey and other countries | Nationals of Germany | 2 months (2008) | Health workers | Cross-sectional study | 2,796 participants | 0·74 | ≥18 (range) | Is clinically depressed (CESD score ≥ 23), measured with the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale |
| Steege 2014 [35] | USA | Born outside the USA and USA territories | Born in the USA | 5 years (2005–09) | All workers | Cohort study | 27,000 events | Unclear | ≥15 (range) | Died from an occupational injury, |
| Straiton 2014 [36] | Norway | Born in countries outside of Norway, including Germany, Iraq, Pakistan, Poland and Sweden | Born in Norway | 1 year (2008) | All workers | Cross-sectional study | 2,962,408 individuals | 0·44 | 38.5 (mean) | Has used any health service (psychological diagnosis from general practitioner only) |
| Wong 2011 [37] | One site, Hong Kong, China | Country of origin other than China | Country of origin China | 3 years (2005–07) | Sex workers | Cohort study | 503 participants | 1·00 | Unclear | Has human immune virus, measured with laboratory test |
| Zhou 2013 [38] | 35 sites, Guangxi, China | Nationals of Viet Nam | National of China | 1 year (2010) | Sex workers | Cross-sectional study | 12,622 participants | 1·00 | Mainly 20–39 (range) | Has human immune virus, measured with laboratory test |
a High migration pressure countries do not include in Europe, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Andorra, Cyprus, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Switzerland, and Vatican City; in North America, Canada and the United States; in Asia, Israel and Japan; and all of Oceania.