. 2021 Jun 9;16(6):e0252651. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252651

Table 3. Summary of findings: Use of health services and health outcomes among migrant workers compared with non-migrant workers.

Population: Migrant workers in country of destination
Setting: High- and upper middle-income countries
Comparator: Non-migrant workers in the same country
Outcome	Illustrative comparative risks^* (95% CI)		Relative effect (95% CI)	No of participants or events (studies)	Quality of evidence	Comments
Outcome	Assumed risk	Corresponding risk	Relative effect (95% CI)	No of participants or events (studies)	Quality of evidence	Comments
Has used any health services	The assumed risk in non-migrant workers is 60 per 100	The corresponding risk in migrant workers is 33 per 100 (25 to 45)	RR 0·55 (0·41 to 0·73)	3,804,131 participants (4 studies)	⊕⊕⊝⊝	Better outcomes for migrant workers indicated by higher values. Migrant workers may be less likely to use any health services than non-migrant workers.
Has used any health services	The assumed risk in non-migrant workers is 60 per 100		RR 0·55 (0·41 to 0·73)	3,804,131 participants (4 studies)	Low^a^,^b
Has used any occupational safety and health services	-	-	-	-	-	No evidence available on this outcome
Has died from any occupational injury	-	-	-	14,210,820 participants and 130,774 events (4 studies)	⊕⊝⊝⊝	Better outcomes for migrant workers indicated by lower values. We are very uncertain about this outcome among migrant workers, compared with non-migrant workers.
Has died from any occupational injury	-	-	-	14,210,820 participants and 130,774 events (4 studies)	Very low^a^,^c
Has had any occupational injury	The assumed risk in non-migrant workers is 34 per 10,000	The corresponding risk in migrant workers is 43 per 10,000 (38 to 49)	RR 1·27 (1·11 to 1·44)	17,100,626 participants (11 studies)	⊕⊕⊝⊝	Better outcomes for migrant workers indicated by lower values. Migrant workers may be more likely to have any occupational injury than non-migrant workers.
Has had any occupational injury			RR 1·27 (1·11 to 1·44)	17,100,626 participants (11 studies)	Low^a^,^b
Has human immunodeficiency virus				13,775 participants (4 studies)	⊕⊝⊝⊝	Better outcomes for migrant workers indicated by lower values. We are very uncertain about this outcome among migrant workers, compared with non-migrant workers.
Has human immunodeficiency virus				13,775 participants (4 studies)	Very low^a^,^b^,^d
Has clinical depression				7,512 participants (2 studies)	⊕⊝⊝⊝	Better outcomes for migrant workers indicated by lower values. We are very uncertain about this outcome among migrant workers, compared with non-migrant workers.
Has clinical depression				7,512 participants (2 studies)	Very low^a^,^b^,^d
High quality: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: we are very uncertain about the estimate.

* The basis for the assumed risk is the median control group risk across studies. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.

^a Serious concerns for risk of bias (minus one grade).

^b Serious concerns for indirectness due to study population being limited to sub-population of migrant workers (minus one grade).

^c Very serious concerns for risk of bias (minus two grades).

^d Very serious concerns for imprecision indicated by the 95% confidence estimate or estimates ranging from a meaningful benefit to a meaningful harm (minus two grades).