TABLE 2.

Multiple comparisons of metabolite levels among the NOR, CIS, and TAU groups of C2C12 myoblasts based on relative NMR integrals.

Metabolite	Mean ± SD			Multiple comparisons		One-way ANOVA
	NOR	CIS	TAU	CIS vs NOR	TAU vs CIS	F	P
Leucine	0.175 ± 0.005	0.195 ± 0.012	0.169 ± 0.018	↑	↓	6.582	0.009
Isoleucine	0.089 ± 0.004	0.101 ± 0.007	0.088 ± 0.010	↑	↓	4.892	0.023
Valine	0.110 ± 0.005	0.118 ± 0.008	0.105 ± 0.014	NS	NS	3.086	0.075
Alanine	0.404 ± 0.014	0.562 ± 0.022	0.435 ± 0.054	↑↑↑	↓↓	35.113	<0.001
Lysine	0.112 ± 0.005	0.098 ± 0.008	0.113 ± 0.007	↓↓	↑↑↑	55.603	<0.001
Acetate	0.484 ± 0.199	0.496 ± 0.201	0.393 ± 0.179	NS	NS	0.509	0.611
Glutamate	0.409 ± 0.033	0.425 ± 0.021	0.381 ± 0.034	NS	NS	3.290	0.065
Glutamine	0.276 ± 0.015	0.251 ± 0.011	0.276 ± 0.015	↓	↑↑↑	38.690	<0.001
Asparate	0.022 ± 0.002	0.021 ± 0.004	0.022 ± 0.002	NS	NS	0.011	0.989
Glutathione	0.131 ± 0.006	0.133 ± 0.013	0.119 ± 0.023	NS	NS	1.485	0.258
β-Alanine	0.122 ± 0.008	0.106 ± 0.008	0.120 ± 0.005	↓↓	↑↑↑	362.700	<0.001
Choline	0.055 ± 0.004	0.040 ± 0.004	0.051 ± 0.022	↓↓↓	NS	1.958	0.176
PC	0.249 ± 0.035	0.450 ± 0.028	0.294 ± 0.023	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	210.673	<0.001
GPC	0.660 ± 0.137	0.430 ± 0.066	0.393 ± 0.080	↓↓	NS	12.695	0.001
Glycine	0.576 ± 0.019	0.827 ± 0.034	0.561 ± 0.040	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	131.264	<0.001
Creatine	0.454 ± 0.118	0.434 ± 0.068	0.284 ± 0.075	NS	↓	6.427	0.010
Phosphocreatine	0.456 ± 0.060	0.564 ± 0.069	0.452 ± 0.052	↑	↓	6.538	0.009
Myo-inositol	0.539 ± 0.053	0.429 ± 0.052	0.527 ± 0.076	↓	↑	31.988	<0.001
Lactate	0.266 ± 0.036	0.279 ± 0.032	0.233 ± 0.102	NS	NS	0.797	0.469
Threonine	0.067 ± 0.007	0.087 ± 0.003	0.061 ± 0.009	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	22.860	<0.001
Glucose	0.039 ± 0.014	0.072 ± 0.024	0.053 ± 0.020	↑	NS	4.101	0.038
ADP	0.007 ± 0.001	0.026 ± 0.002	0.027 ± 0.004	↑	NS	121.181	<0.001
ATP	0.081 ± 0.006	0.084 ± 0.003	0.071 ± 0.007	NS	↓↓	10.158	0.002
Histidine	0.006 ± 0.001	0.006 ± 0.001	0.005 ± 0.001	NS	NS	3.668	0.050
Tyrosine	0.049 ± 0.003	0.053 ± 0.003	0.046 ± 0.005	NS	↓↓	6.016	0.012
Phenylalanine	0.037 ± 0.001	0.041 ± 0.003	0.037 ± 0.004	↑	NS	3.686	0.050
GTP	0.032 ± 0.002	0.034 ± 0.002	0.032 ± 0.004	NS	NS	0.755	0.487
Formate	0.008 ± 0.001	0.009 ± 0.001	0.009 ± 0.002	NS	NS	0.904	0.426
NAD+	0.016 ± 0.002	0.014 ± 0.001	0.011 ± 0.002	↓	NS	11.787	0.001

Note: Statistical significances were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test and represented by p values: NS, p > 0.05; ↓/↑, p < 0.05; ↓↓/↑↑, p < 0.01; ↓↓↓/↑↑↑, p < 0.001. Differential metabolites were identified with p < 0.05. The upward arrow and the downward arrow denote that the difference between A and B is positive (A is increased compared to B) and negative (A is decreased compared to B), respectively.