. 2021 Jun 10;154:112333. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112333

Table 2.

Commercially available remedies and drugs as possible targets for SARS-CoV-2 and related human coronavirus.

Name of the therapy	Chemical nature	Molecular formula	Targeted virions	Target virion mechanism	Status as drug	Ref
2,6-Bis-arylmethyloxy-5-hydroxychromones	Aryl diketoacids	Not available	SARS-Cov, HCV	Inhibits ATPase and helicase activities	Preclinical	Kim et al. (2011)
6′-Fluorinated-Aristeromycin Analogs	Nucleoside analogs	C₁₁H₁₅N₅O₃ (Aristeromycin)	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, CHIKV, ZIKV	RdRp and host cell SAH hydrolase inhibitors	Preclinical studies	Yoon et al. (2019)
Abacavir	Nucleoside analog	C₁₄H₁₈N₆O	HIV	Reverse transcriptase inhibitor	Approved as HIV drug	Beck et al. (2020)
Acyclovir	Doubly flexible synthetic nucleoside analogue	C₈H₁₁N₅O₃	HSV, HCoV-NL63, MERS-CoV	RNA polymerase inhibitor (RdRp)	Preclinical studies	Beck et al. (2020)
Alisporivir	Cyclosporin A-analog	C₆₃H₁₁₃N₁₁O₁₂	HCV, HIV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV	Non-immunosuppressive, Cyclophilin inhibitor	HCV infection in phase III clinical trial (NCT01860326)	de Wilde et al. (2017)
Umifenovir (Arbidol)	Indole derivative	C₂₂H₂₅BrN₂O₃S	SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV, Influenza virus	Block viral fusion and replication	Approved for influenza. Phase 4 for 2019-nCoV, (NCT04260594)	Zhang and Liu (2020)
Aryl diketoacids	Enoic acids	C₁₀H₈O₄	HIV, SARS-Cov, HCV	NTPase/helicase inhibitors, RdRp inhibitors	Inhibit HIV-1 and HCV Preclinical	Kim et al. (2011)
ASC09F	Not available	Not available	HIV, SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits 3CLpro	Phase 3 for 2019-nCoV, ASC09F/oseltamivir (NCT04261270)	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Asunaprevir (BMS-650032)	Oligopeptide	C₃₅H₄₆ClN₅O₉S	HCV	NS3 protease inhibitor	Approved for HCV, Phase III clinical trials	Beck et al. (2020)
Atazanavir	Aza-dipeptide analogue	C₃₈H₅₂N₆O₇	HIV, HBV, HCV, SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor, inhibits 3CLpro	Treat infection of HIV. Preclinical for 2019-nCoV	Beck et al. (2020)
Bevacizumab (Avastin)	Immunoglobulin G 1	C₆₆₃₈H₁₀₁₆₀N₁₇₂₀O₂₁₀₈S₄₄	SARS-CoV-2	VEGF inhibitor	Approved in clinical oncotherapy Promising drug for COVID-19. Phase 2/3 trials (NCT04275414)	Pang et al. (2021)
Carmofur	Pyrimidine analogue	C₁₁H₁₆FN₃O₃	SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits THE protease (M^pro)	Induce leukoencephalopathy	Jin et al. (2020)
Chloroquine	Aminoquinoline	C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃	Broad spectrum: HCoV-229E HCoV-OC43, HIV, Ebola, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	S protein ACE2 inhibitor, Endosomal acidification	Approved for malaria. Open-label trial for 2019-nCoV (ChiCTR2000029609)	(Zhang and Liu, 2020; Zumla et al., 2016)
Chloroquine Phosphate	Phosphate salt of chloroquine	C₁₈H₃₂ClN₃O₈P₂	SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs)	An antimalarial drug, FDA approved drug for COVID.	(Zhang and Liu, 2020; Zumla et al., 2016)
Hydroxychloroquine	Derivative of chloroquine	C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃O	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	Antiparasitic agent	Used to treat autoimmune disease, antimalarial	Dyall et al. (2014)
Triflupromazine (1), Fluphenazine (2), Promethazine (3)	Phenothiazine derivative	(1). C₁₈H₁₉F₃N₂S (2). C₂₂H₂₆F₃N₃OS (3). C₁₇H₂₀N₂S	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV	Antipsychotic that shows clathrin-mediated endocytosis	First two approved as antipsychotic agents	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Chlorpromazine	Phenothiazine	C₁₇H₁₉ClN₂S	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCV	An antipsychotic affects the assembly of clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane	Approved as antipsychotic agents	Zumla et al. (2016)
Cobicistat (GS-9350)	Monocarboxylic acid amide	C₄₀H₅₃N₇O₅S₂	HIV, SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor, inhibits 3CLpro	Approved for HIV and clinical trial at phase 3 for 2019-nCoV	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Compound 6	Pyrimidine derivative	C₁₂H₁₄CIN₃O₃S	MERS-CoV	Inhibits papain-like protease	Preclinical	Lee et al. (2019)
Cyclosporine A	Cyclic non-ribosomal peptide	C₆₂H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₂	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HIV, HCV	Binds to nucleocapsid protein (NP), inhibits viral replication	Approved as immunosuppressive drug in organ transplantation	Zhang and Liu (2020)
Darunavir	Furofuran	C₂₇H₃₇N₃O₇S	HIV, SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor, inhibits 3CLpro	Approved for HIV and clinical trial at phase 3 for 2019-nCoV	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Disulfiram	Carbamoyl derivative	C₁₀H₂₀N₂S₄	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Papain-like protease inhibitor	Approved for treat chronic alcoholism	Lin et al. (2018)
Dolutegravir	Monocarboxylic acid amide	C₂₀H₁₉F₂N₃O₅	HIV, SARS-CoV-2	Second-generation integrase inhibitor	Approved for HIV and Preclinical for 2019-nCoV	Beck et al. (2020)
Ebselen (SPI-1005)	Organoselenium compound	C₁₃H₉NOSe	HIV, SARS-CoV-2	Potently inhibits Mpro and viral replication	Used to treat Diabetes Mellitus	Jin et al. (2020)
Efavirenz	Non-nucleoside	C₁₄H₉ClF₃NO₂	HIV, SARS-CoV-2	Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor, 3CLpro inhibitor	Approved for HIV and Preclinical for 2019-nCoV	Beck et al. (2020)
Entecavir	Guanosine nucleoside analogue	C₁₂H₁₅N₅O₃	HBV, SARS-CoV-2	inhibits the reverse transcriptase (RT) viral RNA-dependent HBV DNA polymerase	Approved for HBV and Preclinical for 2019-nCoV	Beck et al. (2020)
Favipiravir (T-705)	Pyrazine carboxamide	C₅H₄FN₃O₂	Influenza, SARS-CoV-2	RNA polymerase inhibitor (RdRp)	Approved as influenza drug in Japan. China approved for 2019-nCoV	Zhang and Liu (2020)
Fingolimod (FTY720)	Aminodiol	C₁₉H₃₃NO₂	2019-nCoV	Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist and a CB1 receptor antagonist	Approved for treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Phase 2 for 2019-nCoV, NCT04280588.	Wang (2020)
Galidesivir (BCX4430)	Adenosine analog	C₁₁H₁₅N₅O₃	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, IAV, Ebola	RNA polymerase inhibitor (RdRp)	Clinical trials as Phase 1 for yellow fever and Phase 1 for Marburg virus	Warren et al. (2014)
GC376	Bisulfite adduct	C₂₁H₃₀N₃NaO₆S	TGEV, FIPV and PTV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Inhibits 3CLpro, Inhibits the replication of viruses	Preclinical studies	Kim et al. (2012)
GC813	Pyrrolidinone based peptide	C₂₂H₃₁ClN₃NaO₈S	MERS-CoV	Inhibits 3CLpro	Preclinical studies	Pillaiyar et al. (2020)
Imatinib	Benzamide	C₂₉H₃₁N₇O	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV	Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 (Abl2) inhibitor	Approved for cancer	Coleman et al. (2016)
Trametinib	Pyridopyrimidine	C₂₆H₂₃FIN₅O₄	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Inhibits the ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathways	Approved for cancer treatment	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Dasatinib	Benzimidazole	C₂₂H₂₆ClN₇O₂S	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	BCR/ABL and Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor	Approved for cancer treatment	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Selumetinib	Benzimidazole	C₁₇H₁₅BrClFN₄O₃	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Inhibits the ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways	Approved for cancer treatment	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Rapamycin	Antibiotic	C₅₁H₇₉NO₁₃	MERS-CoV	Inhibits the ERK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, block early viral entry and/or post-entry	Approved as antifungal agent	Pillaiyar et al. (2020)
Laninamivir	Octanoyl ester	C₁₃H₂₂N₄O₇	Influenza virus A and B	Neuraminidase inhibitor	Approved as influenza A and B drug	Samson et al. (2014)
Loperamide	Phenyl-butanamide	C₂₉H₃₃ClN₂O₂	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-229E	Inhibits viral replication. Opioid receptor binding	Approved as synthetic antidiarrheal agent	de Wilde et al. (2014)
Lopinavir	Dicarboxylic acid amide	C₃₇H₄₈N₄O₅	HIV, HPV, HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor, inhibits 3CLpro	Approved for HIV, Phase 3 for 2019-nCoV, Phase 2/3 for MERS	(Chu, 2004; Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Methylprednisolone	Corticosteroid	C₂₂H₃₀O₅	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Protease Inhibitor	Treat arthritis and severe allergic reactions. Randomized trial for 2019-nCoV, NCT04323592	(Huang et al., 2020; Pillaiyar et al., 2020)
Mucroporin-M1	Scorpion venom-derived peptide	Not available	HBV, H5N1, SARS-CoV	Inhibiting viral replication	Drug design to target COVID-19	Zhang and Liu (2020)
Mycophenolic acid	Antibiotic	C₁₇H₂₀O₆	MERS-CoV, HBV, HCV	Inhibits viral replication, Inhibits IMPDH and guanine monophosphate synthesis	Approved as immunosuppressant during organ transplantation	Hart et al. (2014)
Nafamostat	Synthetic p-Guanidinobenzoic acid ester	C₁₉H₁₇N₅O₂	SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV	Serine protease inhibitor, Inhibits spike-mediated membrane fusion	Approved as an anticoagulant therapy	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Nelfinavir	Aryl sulfide	C₃₂H₄₅N₃O₄S	HIV, HBV, HCV, SARS-CoV	Protease inhibitor	Responsible for post-translational in HIV propeptides. Preclinical trials for 2019-nCoV	Zhang and Liu (2020)
Neuraminidase inhibitor analogs (compound 3k)	Chlorobenzoic acid derivatives	Not available	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV	3CL protease inhibitor	Preclinical	Kumar et al. (2016)
Niclosamide	Benzamide	C₁₃H₈Cl₂N₂O₄	SARS-CoV	ACE2 inhibitor, Inhibit replication of virus	Antihelminthic drug Inhibits IFV-A in A549 cells.	Li et al. (2019)
Nicotianamine	Metal ligand	C₁₂H₂₁N₃O₆	SARS-CoV-2	S protein and ACE2 inhibitor	Preclinical	Zhang and Liu (2020)
Oseltamivir	Ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid	C₁₆H₂₈N₂O₄	SARS-CoV-2; Influenza virus	Influenza neuraminidase inhibitor	Approved for influenza, Phase 3 and 4 for 2019-nCoV, NCT04261270	Lu (2020)
Penciclovir	Nucleoside analogue	C₁₀H₁₅N₅O₃	HCV, SARS-CoV-2	RNA polymerase inhibitor (RdRp)	Approved for HSV. Randomized trial for 2019-nCoV	(M. Wang et al., 2020)
Peptidomimetic inhibitors (Compound 6)	Aldehyde derivatives	Not available	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	3CL protease inhibitor	Preclinical	Kumar et al. (2016)
Peramivir	Cyclopentane derivative	C₁₅H₂₈N₄O₄	Influenza A and B	Neuraminidase inhibitor	Approved as influenza A and B drug	(De Clercq and Li, 2016; Lu, 2020)
Promazine	Phenothiazine derivative	C₁₇H₂₀N₂S	SARS-CoV	Blocking the interaction of S protein and ACE2	Alternative for the treatment of COVID-19	Zhang and Liu (2020)
Pyrithiobac derivatives (6-5)	Benzoic acids	C₁₃H₁₁ClN₂O₄S (Pyrithiobac)	SARS-CoV,	3CL protease inhibitor	Preclinical	Wu et al. (2019)
Remdesivir (GS-5734)	Nucleoside analogue	C₂₇H₃₅N₆O₈P	Ebola, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	RNA polymerase inhibitor (RdRp)	Randomized trials for SARS-CoV-2	(Sheahan et al., 2020a; M. Wang et al., 2020)
Ribavirin	Nucleoside analogue	C₈H₁₂N₄O₅	HCV, RSV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits viral RNA replication and mRNA capping	Approved for HCV and RSV. Randomized trials for SARS and SARS-CoV-2	(Chan et al., 2013; Lu, 2020)
Ritonavir	L-valine derivative	C₃₇H₄₈N₆O₅S₂	HIV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor, inhibits 3CLpro	Approved for HIV, Phase 3 for SARS-CoV-2, Phase 2/3 for MERS	(Chu, 2004; Li and De Clercq, 2020)
SK80	Phenylisoserine derivative	C₃₁H₃₂N₂O₄	SARS-CoV	3CL protease inhibitor	Preclinical	Konno et al. (2017)
SSYA10-001	Triazole derivative	C₁₂H₁₂N₄O₂S₂	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, MHV	Inhibits helicase without affecting ATPase activity	Preclinical	Adedeji et al. (2014)
Losartan (Cozaar)	Monopotassium salt	C₂₂H₂₃ClN₆O	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	Angiotensin-receptor blocker	Phase 2 for SARS-CoV-2 (NCT04312009)	(Yan et al., 2020.)
Verdinexor (KPT-335)	Synthesized chemical compound	C₁₈H₁₂F₆N₆O	Influenza A and B virus, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)	Blocking XPO1-mediated nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes	Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, Under clinical trial FOR Influenza (NCT02431364)	Perwitasari et al. (2014)
Zanamivir	Sialic acid-analogue	C₁₂H₂₀N₄O₇	Influenza virus	Neuraminidase inhibitor	Approved for influenza virus	Lu (2020)
Gemcitabine hydrochloride	Deoxycytidine analog	C₉H₁₂ClF₂N₃O₄	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV nfluenza virus	DNA metabolism inhibitor, Inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis	FDA-approved anticancer agent	(Li et al., 2019; Pillaiyar et al., 2020)
Amodiaquine	Quinoline derivative	C₂₀H₂₂ClN₃O	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, Ebola, ZIKA virus	Targets early events of the viral replication cycle	Approved as antimalarial drug	(Dyall et al., 2014; Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Mefloquine	Quinoline derivative	C₁₇H₁₆F₆N₂O	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Targets early events of the viral replication cycle	Approved as antimalarial drug	(Dyall et al., 2014; Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Dihydroartemisinin	Sesquiterpene lactone	C₁₅H₂₄O₅	HIV, HCMV, HBV, influenza virus A	Inhibits replication of virion	Used as antimalarial and anticancer agent	Krishna et al. (2008)
E-64-D (Aloxistatin)	L-leucine derivative	C₁₇H₃₀N₂O₅	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Cathepsin protease inhibitor	Inhibit calpain activity in intact platelets.	Dyall et al. (2014)
Recombinant interferons	Signalling proteins	Not available	SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV	Interferon response, Inhibiting the viral protein synthesis, disables viral replication	Approved for melanoma (IFN-α2b), metastatic renal cell carcinoma (IFN-α2a), multiple sclerosis (IFN- β1a, 1b), chronic granulomatous disease (IFN-γ)	Li and De Clercq (2020)
SAB-301	Polyclonal antibody	Not available	MERS-CoV	Prevent the virus from infecting and entering cells	Phase 2/3 trial for MERS endemic in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	Beigel et al. (2018)
REGN3048 and REGN 3051	Monoclonal antibodies	Not available	MERS-CoV	Prevent the virus replication in cell	Phase 1 trial for MERS-CoV (NCT03301090)	de Wit et al. (2018)
Nitazoxanide	Thiazolides	C₁₂H₉N₃O₅S	Influenza viruses, HBV, HCV, HIV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	Interferon response in host cell	Approved for Diarrhea treatment. Phase III clinical development for Influenza virus -A and B strains	(Li et al., 2019; Pillaiyar et al., 2020)
Saracatinib	Anilinoquinazoline	C₂₇H₃₂ClN₅O₅	MERS-CoV	Suppression of the SFK signalling pathways, Inhibits viral replication	Approved for treating cancers	Pillaiyar et al. (2020)
Camostat	Benzoic acid derivative	C₂₀H₂₂N₄O₅	SARS-CoV MERS-CoV HCoV-229E	Cysteine protease inhibitor, blocks endosomal protease mediated cleavage and the endosomal entry pathway	Preclinical	(Pillaiyar et al., 2020; Zumla et al., 2016)
K11777	Piperazine derivative	C₃₂H₃₈N₄O₄S	SARS-CoV MERS-CoV HCoV-229E Ebola	Cysteine protease inhibitor, targeting endosomal proteases involved in viral entry	Preclinical	Zhou et al. (2015)
Nafamostat	Benzoic acids derivative	C₁₉H₁₇N₅O₂	SARS-CoV Influnza-A MERS-CoV	Serine protease inhibitor	FDA-approved to treat pancreatitis, approved as an anticoagulant therapy	Li et al. (2019)
K22	Benzamide	C₂₇H₂₅BrN₂O₃	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E	Inhibits membrane-bound RNA synthesis and membrane vesicle formation	Preclinical	Lundin et al. (2014)
Teicoplanin derivatives	Glycopeptide antibiotic	C₈₀H₈₁Cl₂N₉O₃₃	Broad-spectrum (influenza virus, HCoV, Ebola, HIV, HCV)	Inhibits peptidoglycan polymerization	Effective drug against gram-positive infections	(Li and De Clercq, 2020; Szűcs et al., 2018)
FA-613	Carboxylic acid	C₁₈H₁₄BrNO₃	Influenza A and B, RSV, HCoV) SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV	Inhibits DHODH, interferes intracellular pyrimidine synthesis pathways	Preclinical	(Cheung et al., 2017; Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Convalescent plasma	Immunoglobulins	Not available	SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, influenza	Inhibits virus entry to the target cells	Phase 2 (NCT02190799)	(Chen et al., 2020; Li and De Clercq, 2020)
Mycophenolate mofetil	Ester of mycophenolic acid	C₂₃H₃₁NO₇	HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, MERS-CoV MHV-A59	Inhibits viral replication	Approved as immunosuppressant	Shen et al. (2019)
Monensin sodium	Antibiotic salt	C₃₆H₆₁NaO₁₁	MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, and HCov-NL63	Inhibits viral replication	Antibacterial drug	Shen et al. (2019)
Phenazopyridine	Pyridine derivative	C₁₁H₁₂ClN₅	MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, and HCov-NL63	Inhibits viral replication	Urinary tract analgesic, Removed by FDA	Shen et al. (2019)
Pyrvinium pamoate	Quinoline derivative	C₄₉H₄₃N₃O₆	MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, and HCov-NL63	Inhibits viral replication	DA-approved antihelmintic drug, inhibits WNT pathway signaling.	Shen et al. (2019)
Hexamethylene amiloride	Pyrazines	C₁₂H₁₈ClN₇O	SARS-CoV, HCoV-229E, and some animal CoVs	Viroporin inhibitor that inhibits the ion channel activity of CoV E	Preclinical	Zumla et al. (2016)
Indomethacin	Indole derivative	C₁₉H₁₆ClNO₄	SARS-CoV	COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, Blocking viral RNA synthesis	Approved as anti-Inflammatory, used to treat gout	Amici et al. (2006)
Azithromycin	Azalide	C₃₈H₇₂N₂O₁₂	Zika, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2	Inhibit replication of virus	Approved as antibiotic	Gautret et al. (2020)
Tocilizumab	Monoclonal antibody	C₆₄₂₈H₉₉₇₆N₁₇₂₀O₂₀₁₈S₄₂	SARS-CoV-2	Treatment of cytokine storms induced by COVID-19	Phase III clinical development for COVID-19, NCT04361552	Luo et al. (2020)
EIDD-2801	Prodrug of NHC	C₁₃H₁₉N₃O₇	SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Inhibit replication of virus	Preclinical	Sheahan et al. (2020b)
β-D-N4 hydroxycytidine (NHC, EIDD-1931)	Ribonucleoside analog	C₉H₁₃N₃O₆	Influenza, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Inhibit replication of virus	Preclinical	Sheahan et al. (2020b)
Bromhexine hydrochloride	Hydrochloride	C₁₄H₂₁Br₂ClN₂	Influenza, SARS-CoV-2	Inhibit transmembrane serine protease 2	Mucolytic and prophylactic drug	Habtemariam et al. (2020)
Triazavirin	Guanine nucleotide	C₅H₄N₆O₃S	SARS-CoV-2, H5N1, Ebola	RNA polymerase inhibitor	Antiviral drug	Shahab and Sheikhi (2020)
Carfilzomib	Epoxomicin derivate	C₄₀H₅₇N₅O₇	SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor	Approved anticancer drug	Wang (2020)
Eravacycline	Antibiotic	C₂₇H₃₁FN₄O₈	SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor	Broad spectrum antibacterial	Wang (2020)
Ruxolitinib	Pyrazole	C₁₇H₁₈N₆	SARS-CoV-2	JAK inhibitor	Anti-arthritic drugs	Stebbing et al. (2020)
Fedratinib	Anilinopyrimidine derivative	C₂₇H₃₆N₆O₃S	SARS-CoV-2	JAK inhibitor	Anti-arthritic drugs	Stebbing et al. (2020)
Baricitinib (Olumiant)	Pyrazole	C₁₆H₁₇N₇O₂S	SARS-CoV-2	JAK and NAK inhibitor	Anti-arthritic drugs	Stebbing et al. (2020)
Pirfenidone	Pyridinone derivative	C₁₂H₁₁N_O	SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits DNA synthesis	Antifibrotic agent, phase 3 for COVID-19 NCT04282902	(Su et al., 2020)
Nintedanib	Indolinone derivative	C₃₁H₃₃N₅O₄	SARS-CoV-2	Kinase inhibitor	Antifibrotic agent, phase 2 for COVID-19 NCT04338802	(Su et al., 2020)
Sofosbuvir	Nucleoside analogue	C₂₂H₂₉FN₃O₉P	Hepatitis C SARS-CoV-2	Bind to RdRp, Inhibits RNA synthesis	Preclinical	Shah et al. (2020)
Tenofovir	Acyclic nucleotide analogue of adenosine	C₉H₁₄N₅O₄P	HIV, HBV, SARS-CoV-2	Bind to RdRp, Inhibits reverse transcriptase	Preclinical	Shah et al. (2020)
Tideglusib	Thiadiazolidinone	C₁₉H₁₄N₂O₂S	SARS-CoV-2	non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3, inhibits M^pro	Potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective	Jin et al. (2020)
Azvudine	Cystidine analogue	C₉H₁₁FN₆O₄	HIV, SARS-CoV-2	Reverse transcriptase inhibitor	Clinical trial for COVID ChiCTR2000029853	Zhai et al. (2020)
Danoprevir (R7227)	Macrocyclic peptidomer	C₃₅H₄₆FN₅O₉S	HCV, SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor	Antiviral agent, phase 2 for COVID-19 NCT04338802NCT04291729	Shah et al. (2020)
Baloxavir marboxil	Synthesized compound	C₂₇H₂₃F₂N₃O₇S	Influenza	Inhibits mRNA and protein synthesis	ChiCTR2000029544	Li and De Clercq (2020)
Ciclesonide	Glucocorticoid	C₃₂H₄₄O₇	SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits virus replication	Treat obstructive airway diseases, under clinical trial for COVID -19 NCT04330586	Iwabuchi et al. (2020)
Paritaprevir (ABT-450)	Synthesized compound	C₄₀H₄₃N₇O₇S	HCV, SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor	Preclinical	Shah et al. (2020)
Amprenavir	Derivative of hydroxyethylamine sulfonamide	C₂₅H₃₅N₃O₆S	HIV-1, SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor	Preclinical	Wu et al. (2020)
Adefovir	Acyclic nucleotide analogue of adenosine	C₈H₁₂N₅O₄P	HIV, HBV, SARS- CoV	Reverse transcriptase and Protease inhibitor	Preclinical	Shah et al. (2020)
Ivermectin	Macrocyclic lactone	C₄₈H₇₄O₁₄	Flavivirus, HIV, dengue, influenza, SARS-CoV-2	Inhibit the non-structural 3 (NS3) helicase	FDA-approved broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug.	Kumar et al. (2020)
Artesunate	Semi-synthetic derivative artemisinin	C₁₉H₂₈O₈	Hepatitis, HCMV, SARS-CoV-2	Inhibit NF-kB (Nuclear Factor kappa B)	Antimalarial drug	Uzun and Toptas (2020)
Dexamethasone	Corticosteroid	C₂₂H₂₉FO₅	SARS-CoV-2	Potent anti-inflammatory drug treat arthritis	Phase 6 clinical trial for COVID-19, NCT04325061	Villar et al. (2020)
Siltuximab	Monoclonal antibody	C₆₄₅₀H₉₉₃₂N₁₆₈₈O₂₀₁₆S₅₀	HIV, SARS-CoV-2	Interleukin-6 Inhibitors	Phase 3 clinical trial for COVID-19 NCT04330638	Saini et al. (2020)
Hydrocortisone	Corticosteroid	C₂₁H₃₀O₅	SARS-CoV-2	Anti-inﬂammatory and immunosuppressive,	Phase 3 clinical trials, NCT04348305	Saini et al. (2020)
Boceprevir	Synthetic tripeptide	C₂₇H₄₅N₅O₅	HCV, SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits protease and viral replication	Approved as antiviral agent	Ma et al. (2020)
GC-376	Synthetic compound	C₂₁H₃₀N₃NaO₈S	SARS, MERS, SARS-CoV-2	3C-like protease inhibitor	Treatment for feline infectious peritonitis	Ma et al. (2020)
Thalidomide	Synthetic derivative of glutamic acid	C₁₃H₁₀N₂O₄	H1N1, SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits virus replication	Phase 2 clinical trial for COVID-19, NCT04273529	Saini et al. (2020)
Lenalidomide (Revlimid)	Thalidomide analog	C₁₃H₁₃N₃O₃	SARS-CoV-2	Inhibits virus replication	Phase 4 clinical trial for COVID-19, NCT04361643	Saini et al. (2020)
Acalabrutinib	Synthetic compound	C₂₆H₂₃N₇O₂	SARS-CoV-2	Inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), and viral replication	Phase 2 clinical trial for COVID-19, NCT03863184	Saini et al. (2020)
Duvelisib	Synthetic compound	C₂₂H₁₇ClN₆O	HIV, hepatitis B, and C SARS-CoV-2	Inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and viral replication	Phase 2 clinical trial for COVID-19, NCT04372602	Saini et al. (2020)
ML188	Acetamide	C₂₆H₃₁N₃O₃	SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	3CLpro inhibitor	Noncovalent small molecule inhibitor	(Loffredo et al., 2021)
Famotidine	Propanimidamide	C₈H₁₅N₇O₂S₃	SARS-CoV-2	Protease inhibitor	Histamine H2-receptor antagonist	(Loffredo et al., 2021)
Tilorone	Fluoren-9-ones	C₂₅H₃₄N₂O₃	MERS-CoV, Ebola	Inhibit viral replication	Broad-spectrum antiviral and immunomodulator	Ekins and Madrid (2020)