Table 3.

Performance evaluation of proposed algorithm in terms of mean absolute error for distance from the vertical reference line.

Algorithm	Optimizer	MAE	Max	Min	Median
CNN	SGD	1.67 ± 1.77	7.957	0.038	1.147
	Adam	1.69 ± 1.63	8.374	0.013	1.174
Random forest	–	1.80 ± 1.81	8.298	0.005	1.295

CNN, convolutional neural network; SGD, stochastic gradient descent; MAE, mean absolute error.