Table 1.

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of direct oral anticoagulants

Drug	Dabigatran	Rivaroxaban	Apixaban	Edoxaban
Target	Thrombin	FXa	FXa	FXa
Bioavailability (%)	6.5	80	50	60
Prodrug	Yes	No	No	No
Active metabolites	No	No	No	Yes
Vd (L)	60–70	50	21	> 300
Plasma protein binding (%)	35	> 90	87	40–59
Cmax (h)	1–3	2–4	3–4	2
Elimination half-life (h)	12–17	5–9	8–15	8–11
Metabolism (CYP)	No	3A4, 2J2	3A4 (25% elimination)	3A4 (< 4% elimination)
P-gp substrate	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Other transporters	Not known	BCRP/ABCG2	BCRP/ABCG2	No
Renal elimination (%)	80	65	27	35
Renal clearance (mL/min)	80	58	15	183
Posology	BID	OD	BID	OD
Expected range of plasma levels at peak for std. dose (ng/mL)	64–443	184–343	69–321	91–321
Expected range of plasma levels at trough for std. dose (ng/mL)	31–225	12–137	34–230	31–230