Table 2.

Summary of clinical data on the effects of GLP-1RA therapy on energy intake, meal duration, appetite, satiety and hunger, food preferences, and gastric emptying [25, 26, 33]

Agent	Comparator(s)	Trial population	Trial duration	Energy intakea	Meal duration	Appetite	Satiety	Hunger	Food preference	1-h gastric emptying
Liraglutide 1.8 mg and 3.0 mgb [25]	Placebo	Individuals with obesity but without diabetes	Two treatment periods of 5 weeks with a 6–8-week washout period in between	Reduced by 16% vs. placebo(p = 0.003)	NR	Reduced vs. placebo (p = 0.0003)	Reduced vs. placebo (p = 0.002)	Reduced vs. placebo (p = 0.01)	NR	23% lower vs. placebo (p = 0.007)
Semaglutide 1.0 mg [26]	Placebo	Individuals with obesity but without diabetes	12 weeks	Reduced by approx. 35% vs. placebo (p < 0.0001)	Shorter vs. placebo (p = 0.0018)	Reduced vs. placebo (p = 0.0023)	Increased (NS)	Reduced (NS)	Lower preference for high-fat and non-sweet foods vs. placebo (p = 0.0016)	27% lower vs. placebo (p = 0.0012) [27]
Semaglutide 2.4 mg [33]	Placebo	Individuals with obesity but without diabetes	20 weeks	35% lower vs. placebo (p < 0.0001)	NR	Reduced vs. placebo (p = 0.001)	Increased vs. placebo (p < 0.02)	Reduced vs. placebo (p < 0.02)	Reduced cravings for savory food (p < 0.02)	No clinically relevant effect vs. placebo

EE energy expenditure, NR not reported, NS non-significant

^aBased on results for ad libitum lunch

^bResults are for liraglutide 3.0 mg