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. 2021 Jun 9;11:12176. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88052-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evidence of increase in neurodegeneration and impairments in bioenergetics correlated with brain HIV RNA load in white matter. (A–C) The pathway analysis by GSEA demonstrated transcriptional changes that are indicative of neurodegeneration and included pathways representative of gene expression changes in AD, PD, and HD. (D) Gene expression changes indicative of a reduction of energy metabolism, including reduced gene expression of the TCA cycle, electron transport, (E) reduced expression of glycolytic genes; (F) reduced expression of RNA processing genes, and (G–J) reduced expression of amino acid metabolic pathways. HIV H, high brain HIV RNA load; HIV L, low brain HIV RNA load.