Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of total participants.
| N = 83 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number | % | |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 40 | 48.2 |
| Female | 43 | 51.8 |
| Alcohol drinking | ||
| Yes | 49 | 59.0 |
| No | 34 | 41.0 |
| Smoking | ||
| Yes | 17 | 20.5 |
| No | 66 | 79.5 |
| Motion sickness | ||
| Yes | 18 | 21.7 |
| No | 65 | 78.3 |
| Mean | SD | |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 38.53 | 11.80 |
| Baseline SSQ | 23.76 | 26.29 |
| Nausea | 16.09 | 21.89 |
| Oculomotor | 20.82 | 21.60 |
| Disorientation | 27.67 | 36.08 |
| Total | 23.76 | 26.29 |
| Psychological scales | ||
| STAI-X-1 | 46.95 | 10.01 |
| NRS | 55.52 | 24.17 |
| PSS-10 | 25.93 | 4.50 |
| PANAS—total | 22.55 | 9.80 |
| PANAS—positive affect | 13.89 | 6.32 |
| PANAS—negative affect | 8.69 | 6.64 |
| SDS | 15.08 | 6.73 |
| STAI-X-2 | 47.82 | 10.00 |
| EQ-5D-5L | 6.47 | 1.63 |
| Physiological parameters | ||
| EMG (µV) | 2.27 | 1.33 |
| Skin conductance (µS) | 0.56 | 0.59 |
| Skin temperature (℃) | 33.03 | 1.48 |
| Respiration amplitude | 42.15 | 6.87 |
| HR/BVP | 29.70 | 0.09 |
| HR from IBI | 70.54 | 11.94 |
| VLF total | 61.95 | 47.84 |
| LF total | 93.94 | 89.80 |
| HF total | 79.55 | 84.29 |
| HRV total | 247.82 | 201.18 |
| LF/HF | 2.15 | 2.20 |
| EKG IBI | 848.96 | 154.97 |
| NN50 | 62.40 | 72.16 |
| SDNN | 59.00 | 62.14 |
| RMSSD | 76.81 | 104.49 |
| Ophthalmologic parameters | ||
| Subjective visual fatigue | 4.06 | 3.78 |
| TBUT | 4.97 | 2.64 |
| Maximal pupil diameter | 4.72 | 1.02 |
| Minimal pupil diameter | 2.54 | 0.93 |
| Pupil constriction percentage | − 43.36 | 20.81 |
| Latency of papillary response | 0.22 | 0.05 |
| Near point of accommodation | 7.84 | 4.51 |
| Near point of convergence | 7.45 | 5.12 |
| Inter-blink interval | 29.83 | 16.29 |
| Otologic parameters | ||
| VHIT | 1.05 | 0.07 |
| SOT (equilibrium) | 81.30 | 5.30 |
| SOT (somatosensory) | 0.98 | 0.02 |
| SOT (visual) | 0.88 | 0.06 |
| SOT (vestibular) | 0.72 | 0.11 |
| SOT (preference) | 1.04 | 0.05 |
SD standard deviation, SSQ Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, NRS Numeric Rating Scale, PSS-10 Perceived Stress Scale, PANAS Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, SDS Sheehan Disability Scale, EQ-5D-5L Five-level version of EQ-5D, EMG electromyography, HR/BVP heart rate/blood vessel pressure, IBI inter-beat interval, VLF very low frequency band, LF low frequency band, HF high frequency band, HRV heart rate variability, NN50 number of interval differences of successive normal-to-normal (NN) intervals greater than 50 ms, SDNN standard deviation of NN, RMSSD the root mean square of the successive differences, TBUT tear breakup time, VHIT video head impulse test, SOT sensory organization test.