Table 1.

Mean and SD values for maximum foot clearance, foot–floor angle at initial foot contact, and lower-limb joint kinematics parameters.

Parameters	Normal gait		Shuffling gait		p value	Cohen’s d
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Maximum foot clearance hmax (m)	0.09	0.01	0.04	0.02	< 0.01**	3.34
Foot contact angle θc (°)	22.54	2.93	− 3.95	4.84	< 0.01**	3.95
Hip joint angle (°)
Initial contact	27.53	3.31	25.90	3.46	0.502	0.33
Max	31.06	2.77	28.81	3.32	0.333	0.49
Min	− 3.94	6.22	2.84	2.58	0.094	0.98
ROM	35.00	4.16	25.97	1.13	< 0.01**	2.10
Knee joint angle (°)
Initial contact	14.18	6.23	31.81	4.27	0.013*	1.91
Max	69.38	4.10	53.31	12.63	0.056	1.19
Min	− 3.94	6.22	2.84	2.58	0.094	0.98
ROM	57.44	5.83	35.62	12.18	0.031*	1.45
Ankle joint angle (°)
Initial contact	− 13.65	4.66	− 11.22	4.63	0.546	0.29
Max	0.35	3.94	3.69	2.86	0.253	0.60
Min	− 31.66	3.37	− 23.98	7.58	0.125	0.87
ROM	32.01	4.34	27.67	6.30	0.135	0.84

*p < 0.05.

**p < 0.01.