Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics for the entire sample and based on randomized treatment group assigned at 1-week follow-up.
| Total Sample (n=271) | Randomized Treatment Components (n=241) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMT | ACTEx | MOBEx | |||||
| Received (n=120) | Not received (n=121) | Received (n=122) | Not received (n=119) | Received (n=122) | Not received (n=119) | ||
| Gender (male) | 112 (41.3) | 49 (40.8) | 48 (39.7) | 50 (41.0) | 47 (39.5) | 54 (44.3) | 43 (36.1) |
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 39.8 ± 11.9 | 39.2 ± 12.0 | 40.5 ± 11.6 | 40.4 ± 12.2 | 39.4 ± 11.5 | 39.4 ± 11.6 | 40.3 ± 12.1 |
| BMI (Mean ± SD) | 28.3 ± 6.8 | 29.4 ± 7.8* | 27.6 ± 6.1* | 29.1 ± 7.7 | 27.7 ± 6.2 | 27.9 ± 5.8 | 29.0 ± 8.0 |
| Chronic LBP (yes) | 167(61.6) | 90 (75) | 93 (76.9) | 92 (75.4) | 91 (76.5) | 88 (72.1) | 95 (79.8) |
| LBP and leg pain (yes) | 57 (21.2) | 25 (20.8) | 27 (22.3) | 25 (20.5) | 27 (22.7) | 20 (16.4) | 32 (26.9) |
| Smoker╬ (yes) | 40 (14.9) | 19 (16.0) | 15 (12.4) | 20 (16.4) | 14 (11.9) | 17 (14.0) | 17 (14.3) |
| Education╬ (college degree) | 164 (61.0) | 67 (56.3)* | 83 (68.6)* | 74 (60.7) | 76 (64.4) | 80 (66.1) | 70 (58.8) |
| Living Situation╬ (married or live with significant other) | 169 (62.8) | 70 (58.8) | 81 (66.9) | 76 (62.3) | 75 (63.0) | 74 (61.2) | 77 (64.7) |
| Employment╬ (employed full-time) | 157 (58.4) | 73 (61.3) | 68 (56.2) | 72 (59.0) | 69 (58.5) | 73 (60.3) | 68 (57.1) |
| Depression╬ (yes) | 56 (21.2) | 24 (20.2) | 28 (23.5) | 26 (21.5) | 26 (22.2) | 24 (20.0) | 28 (23.7) |
| Anxiety╬ (yes) | 63 (23.7) | 31 (26.1) | 28 (23.3) | 26 (21.3) | 33 (28.2) | 28 (23.3) | 31 (26.1) |
| Upper Back / Neck Pain╬ (yes) | 69 (26.0) | 33 (27.7) | 30 (25.2) | 28 (23.1) | 35 (29.9) | 29 (24.4) | 34 (28.6) |
| Treatment Used for LBP Episode (yes) | |||||||
| Chiropractic | 129 (47.6) | 52 (43.3) | 62 (51.2) | 57 (46.7) | 57 (47.9) | 51 (41.8) | 63 (52.9) |
| Physical Therapy | 108 (39.9) | 46 (38.3) | 54 (44.6) | 53 (43.4) | 47 (39.5) | 56 (45.9) | 44 (37.0) |
| Opioid Medication | 56 (20.7) | 25 (20.8) | 25 (20.7) | 26 (21.3) | 24 (20.2) | 28 (23.0) | 22 (18.5) |
| Fear-Avoidance Beliefs╬ (Mean ± SD) | |||||||
| Physical Activity | 14.4 ± 5.0 | 14.8 ± 4.8 | 14.2 ± 5.0 | 14.8 ± 4.9 | 14.2 ± 4.9 | 14.7 ± 5.0 | 14.2 ± 4.7 |
| Work | 15.6 ± 10.1 | 14.8 ± 10.4 | 16.4 ± 9.4 | 15.7 ± 9.8 | 15.6 ± 10.1 | 15.0 ± 10.4 | 16.3 ± 9.4 |
| Oswestry (Mean ± SD) | 34.4 ± 11.8 | 35.2 ± 13.3 | 33.2 ± 10.0 | 35.4 ± 10.9 | 32.9 ± 12.6 | 32.9 ± 10.5 | 35.5 ± 12.9 |
| Pain Intensity (Mean ± SD) | 4.6 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 1.6 | 4.7 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 1.6 |
| Multifidus Activation╬ (Mean ± SD) | 11.2% ± 9.3 | 11.4% ± 9.4 | 11.6% ± 9.6 | 12.3% ± 9.9 | 10.8% ± 9.0 | 11.0% ± 8.6 | 12.1% ± 10.3 |
| Spinal Stiffness (N/mm)╬ (Mean ± SD) | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 1.3 |
Values represent number of participants (%) unless otherwise indicated.
(╬ missing values at baseline (n=269 for education, living situation; n=264 for depression, anxiety, upper back/neck pain, and Fear-Avoidance baseline score, n=255 for spinal stiffness and n=260 for multifidus activation)
*
p<0.05