Table 4.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Effects of Medical Surgical Staffing (Patient-to-Nurse Ratio) and SEP-1 Scores on Sepsis Patient Outcomes

		Unadjusted Models		Fully Adjusted Models
Patient Outcome		Staffing Effect	SEP-1 Effect	Staffing Effect	SEP-1 Effect
In-Hospital Mortality	Odds Ratio	1 19***	0.96	1.12**	0.95*
	95% CI	(1.10, 1.29)	(0.91,1.00)	(1.03, 1.21)	(0.91, 0.99)
	P>|z|	<0.0001	0.051	0.008	0.018
60-Day Mortality	Odds Ratio	1.13***	0.99	1.07*	0.97
	95% CI	(1.07, 1.19)	(0.96, 1.02)	(1.01, 1.14)	(0.94, 1.00)
	P>|z|	<0.0001	0.40	0.028	0.056
60-Day Readmission	Odds Ratio	1.06**	0.99	1.07**	0.99
	95% CI	(1.02, 1.10)	(0.96, 1.01)	(1.03, 1.12)	(0.97, 1.02)
	P>|z|	0.004	0.179	0.001	0.613
Length of Stay	IRR	1.06**	0.97*	1.05**	0.98*
	95% CI	(1.02, 1.11)	(0.95, 1.00)	(1.02, 1.09)	(0.97, 1.00)
	P>|z|	0.009	0.017	0.002	0.024

Notes.

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001.

Odds ratios for mortality and readmission models are from random intercept models estimated using MLWin. Incident rate ratios (IRR) for length of stay models are from zero truncated negative binomial models with clustered standard errors. In the adjusted models for all outcomes, hospital-level controls include hospital size, technology status, teaching status, and ICU staffing, and patient controls include age, sex, transfer status, 32 Elixhauser comorbidities, and dummy variables for the different DRGs.