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. 2021 Jun 9;12(6):596. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-03883-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — After infusion, exgenous MSCs in the undetermined condition confront with the stimuli of multiple factors inculding immunological, metabolic, and other cues. Subsequently, the MSCs can be alive to exert therapeutic effects based on differentiation and secretion, which also can undergo apoptosis to regulate immune responses. ApoEVs have been demonstrated to be a noval and potent therapeutic in translational medicine. The above condition of live-dead decision for infused MSCs based on current recognitions has emerged as a representative paradigm of Taichi.