Conflict in best practice: • Despite long-standing best practice guidance on urban design/planning, there is still confusion about trade-offs, e.g.: -.Urban (access to jobs, amenities, community) vs. sub-urban (access to nature, tranquility and clean air) - Socio-economic necessity (e.g. use of car to access jobs) vs active travel (e.g. on rural/suburban greenfield sites, cycling seen as leisure-only activity, not as a mode of travel) Conflicting priorities: • Demands different (e.g. consumer/convenience vs government/politics/economics vs scientist/health/climate) • Certain trade-offs irreconcilable— prioritisation needed (e.g. sports pitches vs woodland) Speculation vs risk aversion: • Developers specialize in speculation, but shareholders require low risk (i.e. 10% ROI; ‘would go out of business at 15% profit’) • ‘Intensive systems’ of risk management controls therefore crucial, but also severely constraining Public vs private: • Private rental sector has the coldest homes, which Councils are not able to remedy Health ‘premium’ vs affordability: • Private sector expect purchasers to pay for health premium (i.e. additional cost of higher quality development), yet house prices/affordability a constant challenge and priority