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. 2021 May 3;98(3):415–427. doi: 10.1007/s11524-021-00537-y

• What are the most suitable mechanisms for assessing non-market valuations in this urban development context?

• Who should be responsible for undertaking these valuations? If the private sector, how do public sector agencies assess its validity, and vice versa?

• What scope is there for misuse? (i.e. either by supporting the case for development or, conversely, by justifying that a development shouldn’t proceed)

• If viability is compromised by these valuations, does that mean development shouldn't go forward? What alternatives are there?

• How does this form of valuation fit with policy and political priorities (e.g. if housing delivery is given priority over issues of planetary health)

• How might central government and other agencies factor in these external costs in to their assessment mechanisms (e.g. UK Govt Green Book and RICS Red Book)?