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. 2021 Jun 9;11:12180. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91852-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Adjustment of age, sex, calendar year, and comorbidities at diagnosis for lead-time bias. A patient with stage IV adenocarcinoma is routinely diagnosed at a mean age of 68.4 (see Table 2). If the patient was diagnosed earlier at stage IA (at a mean age of 66.3), the average gain in life expectancy (LE) would be 14.5–1.9 = 12.6 years. However, if we take different age, sex, year of diagnosis, and comorbidities into consideration and compared the loss-of-LE, the average savings of loss-of-LE would be 15.1–3.7 = 11.4 years, which implies an adjustment for lead-time bias. The values in parentheses for age and LE/loss-of-LE denote the standard deviations and 95% confidence intervals, respectively. † denotes mortality. BAC bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.