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. 2021 Jun 9;12:3478. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23694-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a The stability of the 2-back state reflecting working memory activity is lower than that of the 0-back state reflecting motor and basic attention control activity (F(1173) = 66.80, p < 0.001). Red lines indicate mean values and boxes indicate one standard deviation of the mean. b Associations of 2-back stability with working memory performance (accuracy: b = 0.274, p = 0.006; covarying for age, sex, and mean activity). c Steering brain dynamics from the control condition to the working memory condition (0–2) requires more control energy than vice versa (F(1174) = 27.98, p < 0.001). d Unique and common sets of brain regions contributing to the transition from 0-back to 2-back and the transition from 2-back to 0-back, respectively. For illustrative and exploratory purposes, we projected the computed control impact of each brain region for the respective transitions on a 3D structural template, displaying the regions with the 20% highest control impact for each transition (see SI for the illustration of alternative thresholds). Black lines indicate mean, dark boxes indicate 1 standard deviation, light boxes indicate 1.96 SEM and asterixis denote significance at p < 0.05. Source data are provided with this paper.