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. 2021 Jun 9;11:12126. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91655-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Frequencies of circulating naive and memory B-cell subsets during and early after pregnancy in MS patients and healthy controls. (A) Representative gating of viable CD19⁺ B-cell subsets: transitional (CD38^highCD27^-), naive mature (CD38^-/dimCD27^-IgM⁺), IgM memory (IgM⁺CD27⁺) and IgG memory (IgG⁺CD27⁺) B cells. The percentages of transitional and naive mature B cells (B) as well as IgM and IgD expression (MFI) on these subsets (C) were compared between paired first trimester (T1), third trimester (T3) and postpartum (PP) blood samples of 13 MS patients who did not experience a postpartum relapse (red) and 12 HC (blue). Similar analyses were performed for IgM⁺ and IgG⁺ memory B cells (D,E). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compared the different gestational periods. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.