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. 2021 Jun 9;11:12126. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91655-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro outgrowth of antibody-secreting cells using memory B cells from paired third trimester and postpartum blood samples. (A) Representative gating of CD138-expressing antibody-secreting cells (CD38^highCD27^high) after culturing of memory B cells under IL-21/CD40L-stimulating (T_FH-like) conditions for 6 days. Fractions of CD38^highCD27^high plasmablasts/plasma cells (B), CD138⁺CD38^highCD27^high plasma cells (C) and IgM⁺ and IgG⁺ CD38^highCD27^high plasmablasts (D; FACS), as well as IgM and IgG secretion (E; ELISA) were compared between cultures with third trimester (T3) and postpartum (PP) memory B cells from 11 MS patients (red) and 5 HC (blue). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare third trimester and postpartum samples. Two-way ANOVA was performed to compare MS and HC groups. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001.