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. 2021 Jun 9;11:12157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91231-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental design and characterization of studied HBEC and HPAEC cells. (a) The idea of the experimental setup. Multiple spike proteins are attached to a large spherical AFM probe that is approached to the cell surface. Inset: Optical image of the experimental setup with a spherical probe. The AFM cantilever with a probe and HBEC cells on the glass are immersed in the HBSS solution. (b) Time diagram of recording a single force-distance curve with the approach, contact and retract regions. In the approach part, regions of curves taken for analysis of glycocalyx parameters (blue) and cell elasticity (red) are schematically marked. The maximal de-adhesive force and rupture events are marked on the retracting part of the curve. Figure created with OriginPro2021 (https://www.originlab.com/2021) and Corel Draw2020 (https://www.coreldraw.com/pl/).