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. 2021 Jun 9;11:12157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91231-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differences in adhesive interactions between the S-proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and the surfaces of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs). (a) Histograms of the maximal detachment force F^max for HBECs. Left: comparison of data for native and anti-ACE2 treated cells. Right: comparison of data for native and heparin treated system. (b) Comparison of mean values determined from histograms. (c) AFM height map measured for a single HBEC cell. (d) Corresponding adhesive maps measured for this cell. Left: native cell. Middle: anti-ACE2 treatment. Right: heparin treatment. (e) Fluorescent staining of ACE2 (green, left column), glycocalyx (Glx, red, middle column) and Merged (right column). (f) Quantitative data of ACE2 and Glx mean fluorescence intensity. (g) Histograms of the maximal detachment force F^max for HPAECs. Left: comparison of data for native and anti-ACE2 treated cells. Right: comparison of data for native and heparin treated system. (h) Comparison of mean values determined from histograms. (i) AFM height map measured for a single HPAEC cell. (j) Corresponding adhesive maps measured for this cell. (k) Fluorescent staining of ACE2 (green, left column), Glx (red, middle column) and Merged (right column) (l) Quantitative data of ACE2 and Glx mean fluorescence intensity. Left: native cell. Middle: anti-ACE2 treatment. Right: heparin treatment. Statistics: p values were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Experimental details are listed in Supplementary Table 1. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Figure created with OriginPro2021 (https://www.originlab.com/2021), ImageJ 1.53e (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) and JPK Data Processing 6.1.79 (https://www.jpk.com/).