Table 5.
Measurements
| Item | Questionnaire items | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Information and communication technology (ICT) | ||
| Technological capabilities | ||
| TC1 | The acquiring important technology information | Zhou and Wu (2010) |
| TC2 | The identifying new technology opportunities | |
| TC3 | The responding to technology changes | |
| TC4 | The mastering the state-of-art technologies | |
| TC5 | The constant development of innovations | |
| Information technologies practices | ||
| ITP1 | Technology is utilized to enable efficient information search and discovery | Inkinen et al. (2015) |
| ITP2 | Technology is utilized to enable internal communication throughout the organization | |
| ITP3 | Technology is utilized to communicate with external stakeholders | |
| ITP4 | Technology is utilized to analyze knowledge in order to make better decisions | |
| ITP5 | Technology is utilized to collect business knowledge related to its competitors, customers, and operating environment, for example | |
| Knowledge management capability | ||
| Knowledge adquisition | ||
| KA1 | We regularly meet with our customers in order to find out what their needs will be in the future | Pérez‐López and Alegre (2012) |
| KA2 | Our firm has processes for acquiring knowledge about our suppliers | |
| KA3 | We have processes for generating news knowledge from existing knowledge | |
| KA4 | New ideas and approaches to improve business performance are experimented continuously | |
| Knowledge use | ||
| KU1 | The firm has processes defined for applying knowledge learned from experiences | Pérez‐López and Alegre (2012) |
| KU2 | The firm makes knowledge accessible to those who need it | |
| KU3 | Our firm has processes for using knowledge in the development of new products/ services | |
| KU4 | Faced with changing environmental conditions, our firm is able to locate and apply knowledge | |
| Knowledge transfer/sharing | ||
| KT1 | In our organization information and knowledge are actively shared within the units/department | Andreeva and Kianto (2011) |
| KT2 | Our organization actively sharing information and knowledge among the different departments | |
| KT3 | In our organization employees and managers exchange a lot of information and knowledge | |
| KT4 | Our organization shares a lot of knowledge and information with strategic partners | |
| KT5 | Our employees receive regularly informing employees about changes in procedures, instructions and norms | |
| Product innovation flexibility (PIF) | ||
| PIF1 | We can introduce a high number of new products into production each year | Liao and Barnes (2015) |
| PIF2 | We have capability to design an extensive variety of new products | |
| PIF3 | We are able to develop and introduce new products in a short time | |
| PIF4 | We are capable to develop new products with low-average cost | |
| PIF5 | We can introduced new products into the production system without affecting the production efficiency | |
| Firm performance | ||
| Innovation performance | ||
| INP1 | Products and services for customers | Inkinen et al. (2015) |
| INP2 | Production methods and processes | |
| INP3 | Management practices | |
| INP4 | Marketing practices | |
| Sales growth. Likert scale of 8 points | ||
| SGP1 | The sales growth in 2015 in relation to 2016 was lower. (Adapted PERF1) | Mansury and Love (2008) |
| SGP2 | The sales growth in 2016 in relation to 2015 was lower. (Adapted PERF2) | Roach et al. (2016) |
| Nonfinancial performance. Likert scale of 7 points | ||
| NFP1 | In general, the firm is performing better than 12 months ago (Adapted) | Roach et al. (2016) |
| NFP2 | In general, the firm is functioning better than 5 years ago (Adapted) | Jaworski and Kohli (1993) |
| NFP3 | In the last 12 months, the company has achieved its performance goals (Adapted) | |
Note n = 130