Table 2.
Odds ratios (OR), confidence intervals (95% CI), and p-values (p) for the associations between objective cognitive function, subjective cognitive complaints and depressive symptoms by race/ethnicity
| Assessment | Race/Ethnicity | OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| SCC 1. “In general, how is your memory for a person your age?” | |||
| GDS | AA | 1.148 (1.043–1.264) | 0.005* |
| Hispanic | 1.115 (1.040–1.194) | 0.002* | |
| MoCA | AA | 1.030 (0.914–1.161) | 0.626 |
| Hispanic | 0.905 (0.807–1.016) | 0.092 | |
| HVLT-total | AA | 1.031 (0.920–1.156) | 0.601 |
| Hispanic | 1.031 (0.935–1.136) | 0.540 | |
| HVLT-delayed | AA | 1.085 (0.884–1.332) | 0.433 |
| Hispanic | 0.980 (0.836–1.150) | 0.806 | |
| SDMT | AA | 1.038 (0.990–1.088) | 0.120 |
| Hispanic | 0.968 (0.921–1.017) | 0.190 | |
| Semantic fluency | AA | 0.982 (0.868–1.111) | 0.775 |
| Hispanic | 0.978 (0.887–1.079) | 0.659 | |
| Phonemic fluency | AA | 1.003 (0.961–1.046) | 0.896 |
| Hispanic | 0.969 (0.928–1.012) | 0.154 | |
| CDT free | AA | 1.063 (0.707–1.598) | 0.770 |
| Hispanic | 0.719 (0.511–1.011) | 0.058 | |
| CDT copy | AA | 0.812 (0.485–1.358) | 0.427 |
| Hispanic | 0.850 (0.570–1.268) | 0.425 | |
| Overall cognition | AA | 1.059 (0.946–1.185) | 0.323 |
| Hispanic | 0.972 (0.880–1.074) | 0.575 | |
| SCC 2. “Do you feel you have memory problems?” | |||
| GDS | AA | 1.102 (1.045–1.383) | 0.010 |
| Hispanic | 1.109 (1.021–1.205) | 0.014 | |
| MoCA | AA | 1.079 (0.921–1.264) | 0.348 |
| Hispanic | 0.997 (0.876–1.133) | 0.958 | |
| HVLT-total | AA | 1.042 (0.899–1.207) | 0.914 |
| Hispanic | 1.006 (0.901–1.124) | 0.983 | |
| HVLT-delayed | AA | 0.997 (0.772–1.287) | 0.983 |
| Hispanic | 0.934 (0.778–1.121) | 0.462 | |
| SDMT | AA | 1.010 (0.952–1.073) | 0.734 |
| Hispanic | 0.996 (0.943–1.053) | 0.895 | |
| Semantic fluency | AA | 1.005 (0.854–1.182) | 0.954 |
| Hispanic | 1.011 (0.906–1.128) | 0.850 | |
| Phonemic fluency | AA | 1.019 (0.964–1.077) | 0.501 |
| Hispanic | 1.028 (0.978–1.081) | 0.271 | |
| CDT free | AA | 1.044 (0.602–1.811) | 0.878 |
| Hispanic | 1.044 (0.723–1.506) | 0.820 | |
| CDT copy | AA | 0.630 (0.317–1.254) | 0.189 |
| Hispanic | 0.880 (0.557–1.391) | 0.585 | |
| Overall cognition | AA | 1.046 (0.911–1.202) | 0.520 |
| Hispanic | 1.003 (0.895–1.125) | 0.955 | |
| SCC 3. “Do you feel that your memory is becoming worse?” | |||
| GDS | AA | 1.148 (1.039–1.269) | 0.007* |
| Hispanic | 1.125 (1.053–1.202) | 0.001* | |
| MoCA | AA | 1.051 (0.928–1.191) | 0.434 |
| Hispanic | 0.836 (0.738–0.947) | 0.005* | |
| HVLT-total | AA | 1.026 (0.913–1.153) | 0.667 |
| Hispanic | 0.976 (0.889–1.072) | 0.618 | |
| HVLT-delayed | AA | 1.080 (0.874–1.334) | 0.478 |
| Hispanic | 0.902 (0.770–1.056) | 0.199 | |
| SDMT | AA | 1.032 (0.985–1.082) | 0.186 |
| Hispanic | 0.965 (0.919–1.013) | 0.151 | |
| Semantic fluency | AA | 1.079 (0.949–1.227) | 0.245 |
| Hispanic | 0.958 (0.869–1.055) | 0.382 | |
| Phonemic fluency | AA | 1.029 (0.985–1.075) | 0.197 |
| Hispanic | 0.941 (0.899–0.986) | 0.010 | |
| CDT free | AA | 1.304 (0.852–1.995) | 0.222 |
| Hispanic | 0.661 (0.472–0.927) | 0.016 | |
| CDT copy | AA | 0.954 (0.565–1.613) | 0.861 |
| Hispanic | 0.817 (0.553–1.205) | 0.307 | |
| Overall cognition | AA | 1.086 (0.967–1.220) | 0.163 |
| Hispanic | 0.906 (0.817–1.005) | 0.063 | |
| SCC 4 “Aside from memory, have you noticed other problems with your thinking abilities, such as expressing yourself, concentrating, staying organized, finding your way around?” | |||
| GDS | AA | 1.096 (1.001–1.200) | 0.047 |
| Hispanic | 1.265 (1.147–1.395) | <0.001* | |
| MoCA | AA | 0.875 (0.767–0.997) | 0.045 |
| Hispanic | 0.976 (0.872–1.093) | 0.983 | |
| HVLT-total | AA | 0.999 (0.889–1.122) | 0.983 |
| Hispanic | 1.025 (0.929–1.131) | 0.620 | |
| HVLT-delayed | AA | 0.979 (0.796–1.204) | 0.842 |
| Hispanic | 0.996 (0.848–1.171) | 0.965 | |
| SDMT | AA | 1.033 (0.985–1.084) | 1.000 |
| Hispanic | 1.000 (0.951–1.051) | 0.704 | |
| Semantic fluency | AA | 1.025 (0.904–1.161) | 0.704 |
| Hispanic | 0.953 (0.861–1.055) | 0.355 | |
| Phonemic fluency | AA | 1.000 (0.958–1.044) | 0.993 |
| Hispanic | 0.969 (0.927–1.013) | 0.169 | |
| CDT free | AA | 1.148 (0.757–1.741) | 0.517 |
| Hispanic | 0.757 (0.538–1.065) | 0.110 | |
| CDT copy | AA | 0.796 (0.473–1.339) | 0.390 |
| Hispanic | 0.863 (0.576–1.291) | 0.472 | |
| Overall cognition | AA | 1.019 (0.911–1.139) | 0.746 |
| Hispanic | 1.000 (0.906–1.104) | 1.000 | |
| SCC 5 “Do you feel you have more problems with memory than most?” | |||
| GDS | AA | 1.208 (1.074–1.358) | 0.002* |
| Hispanic | 1.280 (1.137–1.442) | <0.001* | |
| MoCA | AA | 1.002 (0.873–1.151) | 0.973 |
| Hispanic | 0.924 (0.796–1.071) | 0.294 | |
| HVLT-total | AA | 0.977 (0.856–1.115) | 0.733 |
| Hispanic | 0.938 (0.826–1.065) | 0.324 | |
| HVLT-delayed | AA | 1.007 (0.800–1.267) | 0.954 |
| Hispanic | 0.942 (0.766–1.158) | 0.570 | |
| SDMT | AA | 1.030 (0.976–1.085) | 0.281 |
| Hispanic | 0.999 (0.938–1.064) | 0.978 | |
| Semantic fluency | AA | 0.918 (0.808–1.043) | 0.190 |
| Hispanic | 0.975 (0.925–1.027) | 0.340 | |
| Phonemic fluency | AA | 0.975 (0.925–1.027) | 0.340 |
| Hispanic | 0.968 (0.915–1.023) | 0.251 | |
| CDT free | AA | 0.844 (0.532–1.340) | 0.473 |
| Hispanic | 0.868 (0.590–1.276) | 0.471 | |
| CDT copy | AA | 1.842 (0.961–3.531) | 0.066 |
| Hispanic | 0.874 (0.535–1.429) | 0.591 | |
| Overall cognition | AA | 0.966 (0.853–1.095) | 0.590 |
| Hispanic | 0.960 (0.843–1.094) | 0.541 | |
Logistic regressions were adjusted for age, sex, education, and assessment language,
*
p < 0.01. AA, African American; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; CDT, Clock Drawing Test.