Table 2.
Semen Characteristics of Patients with COVID-19.
| First author [reference number] | Sample size (n) | Age, median (min-max), years | Disease Stage/severity (n) | Mean days until semen sample collection (d, min-max) | Fever (n, %) | Leukocytes detected in semen (n) | Oligospermia (n) | Low sperm motility | Abnormal sperm morphology (n) | SARS-CoV−2 positive in semen sample (n,%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li D (3) | 38 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 (15.8) | |||||
| Recovered | 23 | 2.5 (2-3) | 2/23 | ||||||||||
| Acute | 15 | 7.3 (2-13) | 4/15 | ||||||||||
| Paoli D (13) | 1 | 31 | Mild | 1 | 8 | 1 (100) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | ||
| Kayaaslan B (14) | 16 | 33.5 (18-54) | Acute | 6 (37.5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | ||||
| Mild | 11 | 1 (0-7) | |||||||||||
| Moderate | 5 | 1 (0-7) | |||||||||||
| Holtmann N (15) | 18 | Recovered | 32.7 [8–54]b | 10 (55.6) | 14 | 0 | |||||||
| 42.7 ± 10.4a | Mild | 14 | 34.9 ± 11.7a | ||||||||||
| 40.8 ± 8.7a | Moderate | 4 | 25.5 ± 8.3a | c | c | NA | |||||||
| Song C (16) | 12 | 33 (22-38) | Recovered | 12 | 29.8 (14-42) | 8 (66.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | ||
| Pan F (17) | 34 | 37 (18-57) | Recovered | 34 | 31 [29–36]b | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | ||
| Ma L (18) | 12 | 31 (25-46) | Recovered | 78.5 (56-109) | NA | 1 | 5 | 2 | 0 | ||||
| Mild | 1 | ||||||||||||
| Moderate | 11 | ||||||||||||
| Temiz MZ (19) | 20 | 37.2 (20-60) | Acute | 20 | 9.5 (2-10) | 10 (50) | 7 | e | e | d | 0 | ||
| Rawlings SA (20) | 6 | 38 (28-45) | Acute | 6 | 12 (6-17) | 6 (100) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | ||
| Pavone C (21) | 9 | 41.1 (31-60) | 9 | 42.2 (7-88) | 4 (44.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | |||
| Acute | 2 | 10 (7-13) | |||||||||||
| Recovered | 7 | 51.4 (34-88) | |||||||||||
| Ning J (22) | 17 | 35 (23-46) | 17 | 27 (12-64) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | |||
| 38 (23-46) | Acute | 9 | 30 (14-64) | ||||||||||
| 30 (28-45) | Recovered | 8 | 18.5 (12-36) | ||||||||||
| Guo L (23) | 23 | 41 (20-62) | 23 | 32 (27.5-33) | 7 (30.4) | NA | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Acute | 12 | 31 (26-34) | |||||||||||
| Recovered | 11 | 31 (26-34) | |||||||||||
| Li H (24) | 23 | 40.8 (27-53) | Recovered | 25.8 (4-42) | 8 (34.8) | 14d | 9d | NA | NA | 0 | |||
| Mild | 9 | 40.8 ± 7.2a | |||||||||||
| Moderate | 14 | 40.9 ± 9.6a | |||||||||||
| Özveri, H (25) | 1 | 49 | Acute | 1 | 25 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | ||
| Ruan Y (37) | 70f | 31 (21-49) | Recovered | 74 | 80 (64-93) | 56 (80) | NA | d | d | e | 0 | ||
| Mild | 11 | ||||||||||||
| Moderate | 31 | ||||||||||||
| Severe | 32 | ||||||||||||
aReported as standard deviation. bReported as Interquartile range (IQR). cPatients with a moderate infection have a statistically significant impairment of sperm quality (sperm concentration, total number of sperm per ejaculate, total number of progressive motility, total number of complete motility) compared with men recovered from a mild infection and the healthy control group. dThere was a significant difference between the observation group and the healthy control group. eThere was no significant difference between the patients and the healthy control group. fOnly 70 semen samples were obtained from 74 patients. NA, Not applicable.