Table 1.

Characteristics of nationally representative dietary surveys in eight countries

Country	Survey, year	Sample size	Age, years	Dietary assessment method	Food composition table	Sociodemographic covariates	Source
Brazil	POF, 2008–2009	34 003	10+ y	24 h recall; 2 d [means of the two studied days; only individuals who complete both days of the food record were included]	Brazilian and United States Department of Agriculture Food Composition Tables, in addition to regional recipes and food label references	Sex (male, female), age (10–19, 20–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–59 and ≥60 years old year), schooling (up to 8 years, 9–12, over 12 years of study), race (White, Black and Other), household income per capita (fifths of income per capita), region (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, South) and area (rural, urban)	Louzada et al.(6)
Chile	ENCA, 2010	4920	2+ y	24 h recall; 2 d [mean day 1 and day 2 when both days were available (20 %); day 1 otherwise]	USDA and Chilean Food Composition Tables, in addition to nutrient labels from Chilean packaged foods	Sex (male/female), age (2–19, 20–49, 50–64, ≥65 year), schooling (years of schooling of the head of the family: ≤8, 9–11, ≥12 years), income (1, 2, 3–5, ≥6 minimum wages), region (North, Centre, South, South (Austral) and Metropolitan), area (rural/urban)	Cediel et al.(7)
Colombia	ENSIN, 2005	38 643	2+ y	24 h recall; 2 d [mean day 1 and day 2 when both days were available (10 %); day 1 otherwise]	Food composition table from software developed by the School of Nutrition and Dietetics at the University of Antioquía, in Medellín, Colombia	Sex (male/female), age (2–9, 10–19, 20–34, 35–49, ≥ 50 year), income (Level 1, 2, 3 and 4), region (Atlántica, Oriental, Central, Pacífica, Bogotá, Orinoquia and Amazonia), area (rural/urban/central)	Parra et al.(8)
Mexico	ENSANUT, 2012	10 086	1+ y	24 h recall; 1 d	Food composition database compiled by the Center for Nutrition and Health Research of the INSP (Food Composition Table. Version 2014. Cuernavaca, Mexico: National Institute of Public Health; 2012)	Sex (male, female), age (1–4, 5–11, 12–19 and ≥ 20 years old), residence area (rural and urban), region (South, Central and North), socioeconomic status (low, medium and high), head of household educational level (without education, elementary education, middle school education, high school education and college graduate education)	Marrón Ponce et al.(9)
Australia	NNPAS, 2011–2012	12 153	2+ y	24 h recall; 2 d [mean day 1 and day 2 when both days were available (64 %); day 1 otherwise]	Australian AUSNUT 2011–2013 Food Composition Table specifically developed to reflect the food supply and food preparation practices during the period of the NNPAS 2011–2012	Sex (male/female), age (years, continuous), schooling (completed 9 years or below including never attended, completed 10–12 years with no graduate degree, completed 12 years with graduate degree), income (Socioeconomic Index of Disadvantage for Areas – quintiles), area (major cities of Australia, inner regional and other, which includes outer regional, remote and very remote Australia)	Machado et al.(10)
UK	NDNS, 2008–2016	12 086	1⋅5+ y	Food diary; 4 d [means of the 3/4 d. More than 91 % completed the four food diary days]	UK Department of Health's Nutrient Food Composition Table, updated for each survey year	Sex (male, female), age (years, continuous), ethnicity (White, Mixed ethnic group, Black or Black British, Asian or Asian British and Other race), region (England North, England Central/Midlands, England South (including London), Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), survey year (years 1–6) and equivalised household income (equivalised for different household sizes and composition using the McClements equivalence scale)	Rauber et al.(11)
Canada	CCHS, 2015	20 478	1+ y	1 d; 24 h recall	Canadian Nutrient File (CNF), 2015	Sex (male/female), age (continuous in years), schooling (there are four categories in this variable: (1) below high school diploma, (2) high school diploma or equivalent, (3) trade certificate or college degree, CEGEP degree, university certificate, university degree below BA degree, and (4) university degree and above), birthplace (Canada or not), zone (urban or rural)	Moubarac et al.(12)
US	NHANES, 2015–2016	8113	1+ y	24 h recall; 2 d [mean day 1 and day 2 when both days were available (82⋅4 %); day 1 otherwise]	United States Department of Agriculture Food Composition Table, updated for each survey year	Sex (male/female), age (1–5, 6–11, 12–19, 20–39, 40–59, 60+ years), race/ethnicity (Mexican-American, Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Other Race including Multi-Racial) and ratio of family income to poverty (categorised based on Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligibility as 0⋅00–1⋅30, >1⋅30–3⋅50 and >3⋅50 and above)	Martinez et al.(13)