Table 3.

Median percent of time technologists who performed or assisted with fluoroscopically guided interventional (FGI) procedures were located within three feet of the patient in five time periods from before 1970 to 2009, US Radiologic Technologists Study

	Before 1970	1970 – 79	1980 – 89	1990 – 99	2000 – 09
Cardiovascular procedures
Diagnostic cardiovascular catheterizations	-	45	50	50	50
Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI)	40	30	40	50	50
Electrophysiology (EP) diagnostic studies	55	20	15	10	20
Electrophysiology (EP) ablations	-	-	-	9	10
Pacemaker or intracardiac defibrillator implantations	20	25	20	20	15
Neurovascular procedures
Embolizations	10	34	30	40	35
Endovascular therapeutic procedures	20	30	40	40	40
Diagnostic neuroangiography	25	40	50	50	50
Peripheral vascular procedures
Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement	-	25	25	30	34
Dialysis interventions	17	20	50	50	50
Peripheral vascular interventions	20	40	50	50	40
Other vascular procedures
Port placement	-	20	15	15	20
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) filter placement	-	20	30	25	25
Aortic stent grafts	-	10	20	20	15
Urologic procedures
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)	20	15	20	25	20
Nephrostomy	20	25	40	50	40
Biliary/gastric procedures
Biliary tract procedures	-	25	30	30	20
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)	20	20	25	25	22
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS)	-	-	20	31	30
Orthopedic procedures
Vertebroplasty	-	-	10	20	16
Orthopedic extremity nailing	20	20	20	20	12

- : Procedure not usually performed during the time period